Xiang, Yiming; (2025) Design Optimisation towards Lower Embodied Carbon Emissions in Prefabricated Constructions in China: A Microlevel Parametric Approach. Doctoral thesis (Ph.D), UCL (University College London).

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Abstract

Prefabricated construction, especially precast concrete structure, is widely acknowledged for its potential in reducing embodied carbon emissions (CE) in the Chinese construction industry. Although efforts have been made to enhance sustainability through optimised prefabrication design, their practical implementation often falls short due to a lack of real-world considerations during the design stage. Therefore, this research aims to address these issues by developing a novel design optimisation model aimed at minimizing embodied CE in prefabricated construction, considering practical constraints such as architectural design, manufacturing, transportation, and assembly. Using a parametric approach, the proposed model generates geometric design alternatives based on the original architectural design. The finite element analysis and structure design are subsequently employed to determine the detailed design of building elements. The manufacturing CE is calculated by summing emissions from building materials and casting formwork. Next, the transportation CE is estimated by simulating the transportation status of building elements using a bin-packing algorithm and calculating transportation emissions with a modal analysis model. A genetic algorithm (GA) is then used to identify the feasible solution with the lowest emissions from manufacturing and transportation. The model was implemented and tested in a real-world project case in China, achieving significant reductions in embodied CE: 11.09% in materials, 0.13% in formwork, and 30.82% in transportation, leading to an overall 10.06% reduction. A survey of 134 Chinese designers further confirmed the model's practicality and effectiveness, with most participants expressing willingness to adopt it in their design processes. These findings underscore the model’s ability to aid designers and contractors in reducing embodied CE in prefabricated projects. Introducing micro-level variables enhances the application of conventional design principles and reveals novel carbon reduction strategies. Although validated in China, this micro-level approach can be adapted in regions with similar regulatory and construction frameworks, offering a path toward a more sustainable built environment. Scholars, designers, and policymakers can employ these insights to for greater sustainability in project delivery.

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