Shen, Zhouyang; Vasudevan, Madhan Kumar; Kučera, Jan; Obrist, Marianna; Martinez Plasencia, Diego; (2023) Multi-point STM: Effects of Drawing Speed and Number of Focal Points on Users’ Responses using Ultrasonic Mid-Air Haptics. In: Schmidt, Albrecht and Väänänen, Kaisa and Goyal, Tesh and Kristensson, Per Ola and Peters, Anicia and Mueller, Stefanie and Williamson, Julie R and Wilson, Max L, (eds.) Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery (ACM): New York, NY, United States.

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Abstract

Spatiotemporal modulation (STM) is used to render tactile patterns with ultrasound arrays. Previous research only explored the effects of single-point STM parameters, such as drawing speed (Vd). Here we explore the effects of multi-point STM on both perceptual (intensity) and emotional (valence/arousal) responses. This introduces a new control parameter for STM - the number of focal points (Nfp) – on top of conventional STM parameter (Vd). Our results from a study with 30 participants showed a negative effect of Nfp on perceived intensity and arousal, but no significant effects on valence. We also found the effects of Vd still aligned with prior results for single-point, even when different Nfp were used, suggesting that effects observed from single-point also apply to multi-point STM. We finally derive recommendations, such as using single-point STM to produce stimuli with higher intensity and/or arousal, or using multi-point STM for milder and more relaxing (less arousing) experiences

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