Moccia, M;
Ciccarelli, O;
(2017)
Molecular and Metabolic Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis.
Neuroimaging Clinics of North America
, 27
(2)
pp. 343-356.
10.1016/j.nic.2016.12.005.
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Abstract
* Molecular and metabolic imaging techniques assess dynamically and in vivo the pathogenetic mechanisms that lead to MS pathology and reflect the heterogeneity of pathologic abnormalities occurring in MS. *1 H-MR spectroscopy estimates brain levels of several metabolites, which reflect important biologic processes, such as mitochondrial function and/or neuronal integrity (N-acetyl-aspartate), and glial cell activation and proliferation (myo-inositol). * 23Na MR imaging estimates the total concentration of sodium within regions-of-interest in the brain. Increased total sodium concentration is thought to reflect axonal impaired energy metabolism and neurodegeneration. * PET permits the characterization of the biologic processes occurring at the cellular and molecular levels. The following radioligands are often used: 18F-fluoro-2’-deoxyglucose to investigate inflammation, translocator protein tracers to study microglia activation, amyloid tracers to study demyelination, and 11C-flumazenil to investigate neuronal damage. * Although technically challenging and expensive, the translation of these techniques to clinical trials and the clinical setting may allow stratification of patients for treatments.
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