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Optimal timing of antiretroviral treatment initiation in HIV-positive children and adolescents: a multiregional analysis from Southern Africa, West Africa and Europe

Schomaker, M; Leroy, V; Wolfs, T; Technau, KG; Renner, L; Judd, A; Sawry, S; ... COHERE in EuroCoord Collaboration, .; + view all (2017) Optimal timing of antiretroviral treatment initiation in HIV-positive children and adolescents: a multiregional analysis from Southern Africa, West Africa and Europe. International Journal of Epidemiology , 46 (2) pp. 453-463. 10.1093/ije/dyw097. Green open access

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: There is limited knowledge about the optimal timing of antiretroviral treatment initiation in older children and adolescents. METHODS: A total of 20 576 antiretroviral treatment (ART)-naïve patients, aged 1-16 years at enrolment, from 19 cohorts in Europe, Southern Africa and West Africa, were included. We compared mortality and growth outcomes for different ART initiation criteria, aligned with previous and recent World Health Organization criteria, for 5 years of follow-up, adjusting for all measured baseline and time-dependent confounders using the g-formula. RESULTS: Median (1st;3rd percentile) CD4 count at baseline was 676 cells/mm(3) (394; 1037) (children aged ≥ 1 and < 5 years), 373 (172; 630) (≥ 5 and < 10 years) and 238 (88; 425) (≥ 10 and < 16 years). There was a general trend towards lower mortality and better growth with earlier treatment initiation. In children < 10 years old at enrolment, by 5 years of follow-up there was lower mortality and a higher mean height-for-age z-score with immediate ART initiation versus delaying until CD4 count < 350 cells/mm(3) (or CD4% < 15% or weight-for-age z-score < -2) with absolute differences in mortality and height-for-age z-score of 0.3% (95% confidence interval: 0.1%; 0.6%) and -0.08 (-0.09; -0.06) (≥ 1 and < 5 years), and 0.3% (0.04%; 0.5%) and -0.07 (-0.08; -0.05) (≥ 5 and < 10 years). In those aged > 10 years at enrolment we did not find any difference in mortality or growth with immediate ART initiation, with estimated differences of -0.1% (-0.2%; 0.6%) and -0.03 (-0.05; 0.00), respectively. Growth differences in children aged < 10 years persisted for treatment thresholds using higher CD4 values. Regular follow-up led to better height and mortality outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Immediate ART is associated with lower mortality and better growth for up to 5 years in children < 10 years old. Our results on adolescents were inconclusive.

Type: Article
Title: Optimal timing of antiretroviral treatment initiation in HIV-positive children and adolescents: a multiregional analysis from Southern Africa, West Africa and Europe
Open access status: An open access version is available from UCL Discovery
DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyw097
Publisher version: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw097
Language: English
Additional information: Copyright © The Author 2016; all rights reserved. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the International Epidemiological Association. This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced PDF of an article accepted for publication in the International Journal of Epidemiology following peer review. The version of record [INSERT FULL CITATION] is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw097
Keywords: Antiretroviral treatment, causal inference, g-formula, paediatrics
UCL classification: UCL
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Population Health Sciences > Inst of Clinical Trials and Methodology
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Population Health Sciences > Inst of Clinical Trials and Methodology > MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL
URI: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1502465
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