Virtanen, M;
Ferrie, JE;
Batty, GD;
Elovainio, M;
Jokela, M;
Vahtera, J;
Singh-Manoux, A;
(2015)
Socioeconomic and psychosocial adversity in midlife and depressive symptoms post retirement: a 21-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study.
American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
, 23
(1)
99-109.e1.
10.1016/j.jagp.2014.04.001.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We examined whether socioeconomic and psychosocial adversity in midlife predicts post-retirement depressive symptoms. DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective cohort study of British civil servants who responded to a self-administered questionnaire in middle-age and at older ages, 21 years later. PARTICIPANTS: The study sample consisted of 3,939 Whitehall II Study participants (2,789 men, 1,150 women; mean age 67.6 years at follow-up) who were employed at baseline and retired at follow-up. MEASUREMENTS: Midlife adversity was assessed by self-reported socioeconomic adversity (low occupational position; poor standard of living) and psychosocial adversity (high job strain; few close relationships). Symptoms of depression post-retirement were measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. RESULTS: After adjustment for sociodemographic and health-related covariates at baseline and follow-up, there were strong associations between midlife adversities and post-retirement depressive symptoms: low occupational position (odds ratio [OR]: 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15-2.51), poor standard of living (OR: 2.37, 95% CI: 1.66-3.39), high job strain (OR: 1.52, 95% CI: 1.09-2.14), and few close relationships (OR: 1.51, 95% CI: 1.12-2.03). The strength of the associations between socioeconomic, psychosocial, work-related, or non-work related exposures and depressive symptoms was similar. CONCLUSIONS: Robust associations from observational data suggest that several socioeconomic and psychosocial risk factors for symptoms of depression post-retirement can be detected already in midlife.
| Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Title: | Socioeconomic and psychosocial adversity in midlife and depressive symptoms post retirement: a 21-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study |
| Location: | England |
| Open access status: | An open access version is available from UCL Discovery |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.jagp.2014.04.001 |
| Publisher version: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2014.04.001 |
| Language: | English |
| Additional information: | © 2015 American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2014.04.001 |
| Keywords: | Depression, elderly, inequalities, life course, mood disorders, old age, prospective, stress, Aged, Depression, Employment, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Great Britain, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Middle Aged, Retirement, Risk Factors, Social Class, Time Factors |
| UCL classification: | UCL UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Population Health Sciences > Institute of Epidemiology and Health UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Population Health Sciences > Institute of Epidemiology and Health > Epidemiology and Public Health |
| URI: | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1430055 |
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