Mohamad, Heba G;
Khan, Muhammad Nasir;
Tahir, Muhammad;
Ismat, Najma;
Zaffar, Asma;
Naseer, Fawad;
Ali, Shaukat;
(2025)
A Predictive and Adaptive Virtual Exposure Framework for Spider Fear: A Multimodal VR-Based Behavioral Intervention.
Healthcare
, 13
(20)
, Article 2617. 10.3390/healthcare13202617.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Exposure therapy is an established intervention for treating specific phobias. This study evaluates a Virtual Exposure Therapist (VET), a virtual reality (VR)-based system enhanced with artificial intelligence (AI), designed to reduce spider fear symptoms. METHODS: The VET system delivers three progressive exposure scenarios involving interactive 3D spider models and features an adaptive relaxation mode triggered when physiological stress exceeds preset thresholds. AI integration is rule-based, enabling real-time adjustments based on session duration, head movement (degrees/s), and average heart rate (bpm). Fifty-five participants (aged 18–35) with self-reported moderate to high fear of spiders completed seven sessions using the VET system. Participants were not clinically diagnosed, which limits the generalizability of findings to clinical populations. Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was secured. Behavioral responses were analyzed using AR(p)–GARCH (1,1) models to account for intra-session volatility in anxiety-related indicators. The presence of ARCH effects was confirmed through the Lagrange Multiplier test, validating the model choice. RESULTS: Results demonstrated a 21.4% reduction in completion time and a 16.7% decrease in average heart rate across sessions. Head movement variability declined, indicating increased user composure. These changes suggest a trend toward reduced phobic response over repeated exposures. CONCLUSIONS: While findings support the potential of AI-assisted VR exposure therapy, they remain preliminary due to the non-clinical sample and absence of a control group. Findings indicate expected symptom improvement across sessions; additionally, within-session volatility metrics (persistence/half-life) provided incremental predictive information about later change beyond session means, with results replicated using simple volatility proxies. These process measures are offered as complements to standard analyses, not replacements.
| Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Title: | A Predictive and Adaptive Virtual Exposure Framework for Spider Fear: A Multimodal VR-Based Behavioral Intervention |
| Location: | Switzerland |
| Open access status: | An open access version is available from UCL Discovery |
| DOI: | 10.3390/healthcare13202617 |
| Publisher version: | https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13202617 |
| Language: | English |
| Additional information: | © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
| Keywords: | Virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET); arachnophobia; adaptive behavioral intervention; fear of spiders questionnaire (FSQ); physiological signal monitoring; AR-GARCH modeling; affective computing; real-time scenario adaptation |
| UCL classification: | UCL UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > UCL BEAMS UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > UCL BEAMS > Faculty of Engineering Science > Dept of Computer Science |
| URI: | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10219325 |
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