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Competition for Ion Intercalation in Prussian Blue Analogues as Cathode Materials for Calcium Ion Batteries

Tinker, Henry R; Li, Mingrui; Saroja, Ajay Piriya Vijaya Kumar; Liu, Yuhan; Luo, Yudong; Ren, Wanjun; Wei, Runzhe; ... Xu, Yang; + view all (2024) Competition for Ion Intercalation in Prussian Blue Analogues as Cathode Materials for Calcium Ion Batteries. Small Structures , 5 (12) , Article 2400317. 10.1002/sstr.202400317. Green open access

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Abstract

With multivalent ion batteries being considered viable post-lithium energy storage technologies, the last few years have seen increasing interest in intercalation type cathode materials for Ca-ion batteries (CIBs). Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) display many positive attributes such as open structural framework, large interstitial sites, and versatile transition metal redox activity. The PBA cathodes reported for CIBs often contain K-ion or Na-ion due to the syntheses involving the use of potassium or sodium hexacyanoferrate. It has been long overlooked whether the presence of K-ion or Na-ion in pristine PBAs could affect the Ca-ion storage in the PBAs when assessing their CIB performance. Through a combined experimental and computational investigation, this work reports that when K+/Na+ is present in the pristine PBAs, K/Na intercalation is preferred by the PBA structure over Ca intercalation even in the Ca cells. Ca-ion intercalation can be increased when the K+/Na+ content in the pristine PBAs is reduced, shifting from a K or Na-dominated intercalation process to a Ca/K or Ca/Na co-intercalation process. This work consolidates that PBAs are an interesting and versatile intercalation host for several ions, but investigating PBAs as intercalation cathodes requires careful consideration of all ions present in the battery system.

Type: Article
Title: Competition for Ion Intercalation in Prussian Blue Analogues as Cathode Materials for Calcium Ion Batteries
Open access status: An open access version is available from UCL Discovery
DOI: 10.1002/sstr.202400317
Publisher version: https://doi.org/10.1002/sstr.202400317
Language: English
Additional information: © The Author(s), 2025. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Keywords: Ca-ion battery, electrochemical mechanism, hybrid battery, intercalation, Prussian blue analogues, sustainable energy storage
UCL classification: UCL
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > UCL BEAMS
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > UCL BEAMS > Faculty of Maths and Physical Sciences
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > UCL BEAMS > Faculty of Engineering Science > Dept of Chemical Engineering
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > UCL BEAMS > Faculty of Maths and Physical Sciences > Dept of Chemistry
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > UCL BEAMS > Faculty of Maths and Physical Sciences > Dept of Physics and Astronomy
URI: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10216400
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