Wang, Yushu; Yang, Minglei; Charitopoulos, Vassilis M; Zhou, Min; Du, Wenli; (2025) Multi‐objective bilevel operational optimization of low‐carbon cement industries with integrated energy systems. AIChE Journal , Article e70101. 10.1002/aic.70101.

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Abstract

Cement industries generate significant CO2 emissions, necessitating carbon capture and utilization (CCU) schemes for their abatement. This study proposes a bilevel Stackelberg game framework, where government and integrated energy systems (IES) regulate ladder‐type carbon taxes and time‐of‐use (TOU) electricity pricing, while cement plants optimize the allocation ratio between two CO2 handling methods (direct CO2 emissions and hydrogen‐assisted CO2 processing). The resulting nonconvex mixed‐integer nonlinear program (MINLP) features a nonconvex upper level and a convex lower level, solved to global optimality using Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) reformulation. Compared to the single cement model, the bilevel model reduces total CO2 handling costs by 68.4% ($705,855/d) and the related emissions by 27.6% (506 ton/d). Sensitivity analysis indicates that higher carbon taxes reduce CO2 emissions but raise handling costs, while lower electricity prices decrease them both. These findings establish a foundation for cement‐IES integration, enabling policymakers to balance environmental‐economic performance through carbon tax and electricity pricing adjustments.

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