Saunders, Rob;
Suh, Jae Won;
Buckman, Joshua EJ;
John, Amber;
El Baou, Céline;
Pilling, Stephen;
Lewis, Glyn;
... Stringaris, Argyris; + view all
(2025)
Effectiveness of psychological interventions for young adults versus working age adults: a retrospective cohort study in a national psychological treatment programme in England.
The Lancet Psychiatry
, 12
(9)
pp. 650-659.
10.1016/S2215-0366(25)00207-X.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of depression and anxiety in young adults is rising, leading to an increasing need for evidence-based treatment. Psychological therapies are a first-line treatment for these conditions and are broadly preferred to pharmacotherapies, particularly by young adults. There is some evidence that younger people might have poorer outcomes from psychological therapies than adults over the age of 25 years, but research has been confined to smaller studies or has not considered the role of statistical confounding, as well as the potential interaction between age and gender. This study uses data from a national psychological treatment programme to investigate differences in outcomes between young adults (age 16-24 years) and working age adults (age 25-65 years). METHODS: We used data from all individuals who had an episode of treatment in any English National Health Service Talking Therapies for anxiety and depression (TTad) service between April 1, 2015, and March 31, 2019. We compared change in Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item (PHQ-9) score and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale 7-item (GAD-7) score pre-treatment to post-treatment between patients who were aged 16-24 years and those aged 25-65 years, as well as service-specific outcomes including recovery, reliable recovery, reliable improvement, and reliable deterioration. Age was also treated as a continuous variable in linear regression models examining change in depression and anxiety symptom severity scores. We examined geographical and temporal consistency as sensitivity analyses. People with lived experience were involved in the study design and interpretation. FINDINGS: The young adult cohort contained 309 758 patients aged 16-24 years (214 977 [69·4%] female and 93 728 [30·3%] male; 255 547 [82·5%] of White ethnicity; mean age 20·8 years [SD 2·3]). The working age adult group comprised 1 290 130 patients aged 25-65 years (840 631 [65·2%] female and 445 466 [34·5%] male; 1 078 985 [83·6%] of White ethnicity; mean age 41·5 years [SD 11·1]). We observed that improvements in PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores were smaller for young adults compared to working age adults (PHQ-9: b -0·98 [95% CI -1·00 to -0·96]; GAD-7: b -0·77 [-0·80 to -0·75]). Young adults were less likely to meet criteria for reliable improvement (odds ratio 0·78 [95% CI 0·77-0·78]), recovery 0·73 (0·73-0·74), and reliable recovery (0·74 [0·73-0·74]), and more likely to meet criteria for reliable deterioration 1·19 (1·17-1·20). Sensitivity analyses revealed consistency of the age-related treatment effect when differences in temporal, geographical, and adults older than 65 years, were considered. INTERPRETATION: Outcomes following routinely delivered psychological treatments across all areas of England were poorer in young adults than working age adults. These effects, when scaled up to the population level, affect thousands of young adults annually. Future research should consider adaptions to treatment tailored to younger people, including how young people navigate adult mental health services. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health and Care Research.
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