Padayachee, Yorissa;
Flicker, Sabine;
Linton, Sophia;
Cafferkey, John;
Kon, Onn Min;
Johnston, Sebastian L;
Ellis, Anne K;
... Scadding, Glenis Kathleen; + view all
(2021)
The Nose as a Route for Therapy. Part 2 Immunotherapy.
Frontiers in Allergy
, 2
, Article 668781. 10.3389/falgy.2021.668781.
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Abstract
The nose provides a route of access to the body for inhalants and fluids. Unsurprisingly it has a strong immune defense system, with involvement of innate (e.g., epithelial barrier, muco- ciliary clearance, nasal secretions with interferons, lysozyme, nitric oxide) and acquired (e.g., secreted immunoglobulins, lymphocytes) arms. The lattice network of dendritic cells surrounding the nostrils allows rapid uptake and sampling of molecules able to negotiate the epithelial barrier. Despite this many respiratory infections, including SARS-CoV2, are initiated through nasal mucosal contact, and the nasal mucosa is a significant “reservoir” for microbes including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis and SARS -CoV-2. This review includes consideration of the augmentation of immune defense by the nasal application of interferons, then the reduction of unnecessary inflammation and infection by alteration of the nasal microbiome. The nasal mucosa and associated lymphoid tissue (nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue, NALT) provides an important site for vaccine delivery, with cold-adapted live influenza strains (LAIV), which replicate intranasally, resulting in an immune response without significant clinical symptoms, being the most successful thus far. Finally, the clever intranasal application of antibodies bispecific for allergens and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) as a topical treatment for allergic and RV-induced rhinitis is explained.
| Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Title: | The Nose as a Route for Therapy. Part 2 Immunotherapy |
| Location: | Switzerland |
| Open access status: | An open access version is available from UCL Discovery |
| DOI: | 10.3389/falgy.2021.668781 |
| Publisher version: | https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2021.668781 |
| Language: | English |
| Additional information: | Copyright © 2021 Padayachee, Flicker, Linton, Cafferkey, Kon, Johnston, Ellis, Desrosiers, Turner, Valenta and Scadding. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
| Keywords: | interferon, rhinovirus, microbiome, vaccination, allergen immunotherapy, epithelial barrier, ICAM-1, allergen-specific antibody |
| UCL classification: | UCL UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Medical Sciences UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Medical Sciences > Div of Infection and Immunity |
| URI: | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205817 |
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