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HIV capsids: orchestrators of innate immune evasion, pathogenesis and pandemicity

Morling, Kate L; ElGhazaly, Mohamed; Milne, Richard SB; Towers, Greg J; (2025) HIV capsids: orchestrators of innate immune evasion, pathogenesis and pandemicity. Journal of General Virology , 106 (1) , Article 002057. 10.1099/jgv.0.002057. Green open access

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Abstract

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an exemplar virus, still the most studied and best understood and a model for mechanisms of viral replication, immune evasion and pathogenesis. In this review, we consider the earliest stages of HIV infection from transport of the virion contents through the cytoplasm to integration of the viral genome into host chromatin. We present a holistic model for the virus–host interaction during this pivotal stage of infection. Central to this process is the HIV capsid. The last 10 years have seen a transformation in the way we understand HIV capsid structure and function. We review key discoveries and present our latest thoughts on the capsid as a dynamic regulator of innate immune evasion and chromatin targeting. We also consider the accessory proteins Vpr and Vpx because they are incorporated into particles where they collaborate with capsids to manipulate defensive cellular responses to infection. We argue that effective regulation of capsid uncoating and evasion of innate immunity define pandemic potential and viral pathogenesis, and we review how comparison of different HIV lineages can reveal what makes pandemic lentiviruses special.

Type: Article
Title: HIV capsids: orchestrators of innate immune evasion, pathogenesis and pandemicity
Open access status: An open access version is available from UCL Discovery
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002057
Publisher version: https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.002057
Language: English
Additional information: © 2025 The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. This article was made open access via a Publish and Read agreement between the Microbiology Society and the corresponding author’s institution.
Keywords: capsid , cofactors , HIV , innate immunity , Vpr and Vpx
UCL classification: UCL
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Medical Sciences
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Medical Sciences > Div of Infection and Immunity
URI: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10203469
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