Kitsiou, M;
Wantock, T;
Sandison, G;
Harle, T;
Gutierrez-Merino, J;
Klymenko, OV;
Karatzas, KA;
(2024)
Determination of the combined effect of grape seed extract and cold atmospheric plasma on foodborne pathogens and their environmental stress knockout mutants.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
(In press).
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the antimicrobial efficacy of grape seed extract (GSE) and cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) individually or in combination against L. monocytogenes and E. coli wild type (WT) and their isogenic mutants in environmental stress genes. More specifically, we examined the effects of 1 % (w/v) GSE, 4 min of CAP treatment, and their combined effect on L. monocytogenes 10403S WT and its isogenic mutants ΔsigB, ΔgadD1, ΔgadD2, ΔgadD3, as well as E. coli K12 and its isogenic mutants ΔrpoS, ΔoxyR, ΔdnaK. Additionally, the sequence of the combined treatments was tested. A synergistic effect was achieved for all L. monocytogenes strains when exposure to GSE was followed by CAP 31 treatment. However, the same effect was observed against E. coli strains, only for the reversed treatment sequence. Additionally, L. monocytogenes ΔsigB was more sensitive to the individual GSE and the combined GSE/CAP treatment, whereas ΔgadD2 was more sensitive to CAP, as compared to the rest of the mutants under study. Individual GSE exposure was unable to inhibit E. coli strains, and individual CAP treatment resulted in higher inactivation of E. coli in comparison to L. monocytogenes with the strain ΔrpoS appearing the most sensitive among all studied strains. Our findings provide a step towards a better understanding of the mechanisms playing a role in tolerance/sensitivity of our model Gram-positive and Gram negative bacteria towards GSE, CAP and their combination. Therefore, our results contribute to the development of more effective and targeted antimicrobial strategies for sustainable decontamination.
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