Nimmons, Danielle; Bazo-Alvarez, Juan Carlos; Avgerinou, Christina; Hayes, Joseph; Osborn, David; Cooper, Claudia; Petersen, Irene; Nimmons, Danielle; Bazo-Alvarez, Juan Carlos; Avgerinou, Christina; Hayes, Joseph; Osborn, David; Cooper, Claudia; Petersen, Irene; Walters, Kate; - view fewer (2024) Exploring the co-occurrence of depression, anxiety and insomnia symptoms, diagnoses and treatments in primary care: observational study using UK primary care data. BJPsych Open , 10 (3) , Article e76. 10.1192/bjo.2024.20.

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Depression, anxiety and insomnia often co-occur. However, there is a lack of research regarding how they cluster and how this is related to medication used to treat them. AIMS: To describe the frequencies and associations between depression, anxiety and insomnia, and treatment for these conditions in primary care. METHOD: A retrospective cohort study using UK electronic primary care records. We included individuals aged between 18 and 99 years old with one or more records suggesting they had a diagnosis, symptom or drug treatment for anxiety, depression or insomnia between 2015 and 2017. We report the conditional probabilities of having different combinations of diagnoses, symptoms and treatments recorded. RESULTS: There were 1 325 960 records indicative of depression, anxiety or insomnia, for 739 834 individuals. Depression was the most common condition (n = 106 117 records), and SSRIs were the most commonly prescribed medication (n = 347 751 records). Overall, individuals with a record of anxiety were most likely to have co-occurring symptoms and diagnoses of other mental health conditions. For example, of the individuals with a record of generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), 24% also had a diagnosis of depression. In contrast, only 0.6% of those who had a diagnosis of depression had a diagnosis or symptom of GAD. Prescribing of more than one psychotropic medication within the same year was common. For example, of those who were prescribed an SNRI (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor), 40% were also prescribed an SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor). CONCLUSIONS: The conditional probabilities of co-occurring anxiety, depression and insomnia symptoms, diagnoses and treatments are high.

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