Zhang, Y;
Folarin, AA;
Sun, S;
Cummins, N;
Ranjan, Y;
Rashid, Z;
Conde, P;
... Dobson, RJB; + view all
(2021)
Predicting Depressive Symptom Severity Through Individuals' Nearby Bluetooth Device Count Data Collected by Mobile Phones: Preliminary Longitudinal Study.
JMIR mHealth and uHealth
, 9
(7)
, Article e29840. 10.2196/29840.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Research in mental health has found associations between depression and individuals' behaviors and statuses, such as social connections and interactions, working status, mobility, and social isolation and loneliness. These behaviors and statuses can be approximated by the nearby Bluetooth device count (NBDC) detected by Bluetooth sensors in mobile phones. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the value of the NBDC data in predicting depressive symptom severity as measured via the 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8). METHODS: The data used in this paper included 2886 biweekly PHQ-8 records collected from 316 participants recruited from three study sites in the Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom as part of the EU Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse-Central Nervous System (RADAR-CNS) study. From the NBDC data 2 weeks prior to each PHQ-8 score, we extracted 49 Bluetooth features, including statistical features and nonlinear features for measuring the periodicity and regularity of individuals' life rhythms. Linear mixed-effect models were used to explore associations between Bluetooth features and the PHQ-8 score. We then applied hierarchical Bayesian linear regression models to predict the PHQ-8 score from the extracted Bluetooth features. RESULTS: A number of significant associations were found between Bluetooth features and depressive symptom severity. Generally speaking, along with depressive symptom worsening, one or more of the following changes were found in the preceding 2 weeks of the NBDC data: (1) the amount decreased, (2) the variance decreased, (3) the periodicity (especially the circadian rhythm) decreased, and (4) the NBDC sequence became more irregular. Compared with commonly used machine learning models, the proposed hierarchical Bayesian linear regression model achieved the best prediction metrics (R2=0.526) and a root mean squared error (RMSE) of 3.891. Bluetooth features can explain an extra 18.8% of the variance in the PHQ-8 score relative to the baseline model without Bluetooth features (R2=0.338, RMSE=4.547). CONCLUSIONS: Our statistical results indicate that the NBDC data have the potential to reflect changes in individuals' behaviors and statuses concurrent with the changes in the depressive state. The prediction results demonstrate that the NBDC data have a significant value in predicting depressive symptom severity. These findings may have utility for the mental health monitoring practice in real-world settings.
Type: | Article |
---|---|
Title: | Predicting Depressive Symptom Severity Through Individuals' Nearby Bluetooth Device Count Data Collected by Mobile Phones: Preliminary Longitudinal Study |
Location: | Canada |
Open access status: | An open access version is available from UCL Discovery |
DOI: | 10.2196/29840 |
Publisher version: | https://doi.org/10.2196/29840 |
Language: | English |
Additional information: | Copyright © Yuezhou Zhang, Amos A Folarin, Shaoxiong Sun, Nicholas Cummins, Yatharth Ranjan, Zulqarnain Rashid, Pauline Conde, Callum Stewart, Petroula Laiou, Faith Matcham, Carolin Oetzmann, Femke Lamers, Sara Siddi, Sara Simblett, Aki Rintala, David C Mohr, Inez Myin-Germeys, Til Wykes, Josep Maria Haro, Brenda W J H Penninx, Vaibhav A Narayan, Peter Annas, Matthew Hotopf, Richard J B Dobson, RADAR-CNS Consortium. Originally published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth (https://mhealth.jmir.org), 30.07.2021. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR mHealth and uHealth, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://mhealth.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included. |
Keywords: | Bluetooth, depression, digital biomarkers, digital health, digital phenotyping, hierarchical Bayesian model, mHealth, mental health, mobile health, monitoring |
UCL classification: | UCL UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Population Health Sciences > Institute of Health Informatics UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Population Health Sciences > Institute of Health Informatics > Clinical Epidemiology |
URI: | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10132438 |
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