Leibo, JZ; Zambaldi, VF; Lanctot, M; Marecki, J; Graepel, T; (2017) Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning in Sequential Social Dilemmas. In: Larson, K and Winikoff, M and Das, S and Durfee, EH, (eds.) Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AA-MAS 2017). (pp. pp. 464-473). ACM: New York, USA.

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Abstract

Matrix games like Prisoner's Dilemma have guided research on social dilemmas for decades. However, they necessarily treat the choice to cooperate or defect as an atomic action. In real-world social dilemmas these choices are temporally extended. Cooperativeness is a property that applies to policies, not elementary actions. We introduce sequential social dilemmas that share the mixed incentive structure of matrix game social dilemmas but also require agents to learn policies that implement their strategic intentions. We analyze the dynamics of policies learned by multiple self-interested independent learning agents, each using its own deep Q-network, on two Markov games we introduce here: 1. a fruit Gathering game and 2. a Wolfpack hunting game. We characterize how learned behavior in each domain changes as a function of environmental factors including resource abundance. Our experiments show how conflict can emerge from competition over shared resources and shed light on how the sequential nature of real world social dilemmas affects cooperation.

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