Al-Qaysi, Mustafa; (2018) Development of Phosphate Based Glass Scaffolds for the Repair of Craniofacial Bone. Doctoral thesis (Ph.D), UCL (University College London).

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Abstract

Degradable phosphate-based glasses have been known to have many potential properties to work as biomaterials for bone repair clinical applications. Although several studies were performed on different compositions to investigate the most appropriate glass formula, no specific formula was found to be the most favourable for clinical application. The main aim of this thesis was to fabricate and biologically assess phosphate glass scaffold made from specific elements known for their potential in promoting bone growth. To achieve this, primary studies were done on four different compositions of both zinc and strontium phosphate-based glass discs. The next study was to further investigate the best two zinc and strontium glass compositions that were obtained from the primary studies using glass beads. As a result of this study, specific composition of both zinc and strontium phosphate glass, having the most favourable cellular response, was recommended to be used for the following experiments. Based on previous compositions, another study was performed to surface functionalise glass discs by coating them with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and polycaprolactone polymer (PCL) to assess the effect of surface modification on cellular adhesion and metabolic activity. This was subsequently followed by manufacturing, mechanical testing and structural evaluation of zinc and strontium scaffolds. Another experiment was carried out to identify the most suitable technique for scaffold cells seeding by coating scaffolds with fibronectin and collagen. The final study aimed to assess different types of zinc and strontium phosphate glass scaffolds (non-coated, CNT-coated) in both static and dynamic conditions. For the assessment of these scaffolds under dynamic conditions, a perfusion bioreactor was custom made that worked continuously for 28 days. The results revealed that the most preferable glass compositions were identified as ZnO5% and SrO17.5%. Also, glass coating with CNTs and PCL has found to encourage cells adhesion and metabolic activity as it enhanced both surface roughness and hydrophilicity. Scaffold production by sintering technique was thermally optimised and scaffold cellular seeding using collagen coating has yielded the most efficient seeding density. The final results displayed that the most suitable cellular response was found in CNT and PCL coated scaffolds under dynamic conditions (perfusion bioreactors cultivated scaffolds).

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