Nijman, SWJ;
Hoogland, J;
Groenhof, TKJ;
Brandjes, M;
Jacobs, JJL;
Bots, ML;
Asselbergs, FW;
... Debray, TPA; + view all
(2021)
Real-time imputation of missing predictor values in clinical practice.
European Heart Journal - Digital Health
, 2
(1)
pp. 154-164.
10.1093/ehjdh/ztaa016.
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Abstract
AIMS: Use of prediction models is widely recommended by clinical guidelines, but usually requires complete information on all predictors, which is not always available in daily practice. We aim to describe two methods for real-time handling of missing predictor values when using prediction models in practice. METHODS AND RESULTS: We compare the widely used method of mean imputation (M-imp) to a method that personalizes the imputations by taking advantage of the observed patient characteristics. These characteristics may include both prediction model variables and other characteristics (auxiliary variables). The method was implemented using imputation from a joint multivariate normal model of the patient characteristics (joint modelling imputation; JMI). Data from two different cardiovascular cohorts with cardiovascular predictors and outcome were used to evaluate the real-time imputation methods. We quantified the prediction model’s overall performance [mean squared error (MSE) of linear predictor], discrimination (c-index), calibration (intercept and slope), and net benefit (decision curve analysis). When compared with mean imputation, JMI substantially improved the MSE (0.10 vs. 0.13), c-index (0.70 vs. 0.68), and calibration (calibration-in-the-large: 0.04 vs. 0.06; calibration slope: 1.01 vs. 0.92), especially when incorporating auxiliary variables. When the imputation method was based on an external cohort, calibration deteriorated, but discrimination remained similar. COCNLUSIONS: We recommend JMI with auxiliary variables for real-time imputation of missing values, and to update imputation models when implementing them in new settings or (sub)populations.
| Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Title: | Real-time imputation of missing predictor values in clinical practice |
| Open access status: | An open access version is available from UCL Discovery |
| DOI: | 10.1093/ehjdh/ztaa016 |
| Publisher version: | https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjdh/ztaa016 |
| Language: | English |
| Additional information: | © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). |
| Keywords: | Missing data, Joint modelling imputation, Real-time imputation, Prediction, Computerized decision support system, Electronic health records |
| UCL classification: | UCL UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Population Health Sciences > Institute of Health Informatics UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Population Health Sciences > Institute of Health Informatics > Clinical Epidemiology |
| URI: | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10169312 |
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