Patel, K; (2016) Reciprocity as power, influence and obligation: Evidence From from using using diaries in Gum Tree Road, Cato Crest and Zwelisha, KwaZulu-Natal. In: Mottiar, S and Ngcoya, M, (eds.) Philanthropy in South Africa: horizontality, Ubuntu and social justice. (pp. 110-130). Human Sciences Research Council: Cape Town, South Africa.

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Abstract

Reciprocity can, where the exchange is voluntary and altruistic, be an act of kindness, charity or generosity (Wright, 2001). It can also be an expression of power that is tied up with social obligations, wealth and influence (Mauss 1923/1954). The act itself typically conveys and contains the cultural values and behavioural norms typical of a particular society. Acts of reciprocity between individuals within a community are increasingly referred to as ‘horizontal philanthropy’ or ‘community philanthropy’, implying that a poor person who is the beneficiary of a gift can also be a benefactor (Wilkinson-Maposa et al. 2005:, vii). This is distinguished from vertical or conventional philanthropy where a wealthy benefactor gives gifts to poorer recipients. Horizontal philanthropy, where it is conceptualised as ‘self-help’, is said to be a foundation for aiding improvement to survival (short-term immediate welfare) and wellbeing (longer-term multi-dimensional welfare) in ways that can empower individuals. This conceptualisation, however, can represent an incomplete picture of the flows of power that drive and direct philanthropic giving between individuals. Research into horizontal philanthropy is relatively new. This chapter aims to contribute to the growing body of literature on horizontal philanthropy through the use of gift diaries that illustrate and explain experiences of reciprocity amongst residents of three low low-income settlements in and around Durban, South Africa in 2009–/2010. The chapter offers a ‘snapshot’ of how reciprocity is experienced by 24 individuals over a relatively short period of time (a month per person). Data from the gift diary illustrates who gives and how often, what is given, the purpose of giving and the obligation recipients feel to reciprocate. Through an analysis of these data, the study argues that reciprocity for many who live in low low-income settlements is essential for survival. However, as displays of power between individuals, acts of reciprocity can also indicate obligation and indebtedness both within a family and between individuals in general. This may run contrary to the self-help ideal to which horizontal philanthropy is purported to contribute.

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