Hammond, P;
McKee, S;
Suttie, M;
Allanson, J;
Cobben, JM;
Maas, SM;
Quarrell, O;
... Hennekam, R; + view all
(2014)
Opposite effects on facial morphology due to gene dosage sensitivity.
Hum Genet
, 133
(9)
pp. 1117-1125.
10.1007/s00439-014-1455-z.
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Abstract
Sequencing technology is increasingly demonstrating the impact of genomic copy number variation (CNV) on phenotypes. Opposing variation in growth, head size, cognition and behaviour is known to result from deletions and reciprocal duplications of some genomic regions. We propose normative inversion of face shape, opposing difference from a matched norm, as a basis for investigating the effects of gene dosage on craniofacial development. We use dense surface modelling techniques to match any face (or part of a face) to a facial norm of unaffected individuals of matched age, sex and ethnicity and then we reverse the individual's face shape differences from the matched norm to produce the normative inversion. We demonstrate for five genomic regions, 4p16.3, 7q11.23, 11p15, 16p13.3 and 17p11.2, that such inversion for individuals with a duplication or (epi)-mutation produces facial forms remarkably similar to those associated with a deletion or opposite (epi-)mutation of the same region, and vice versa. The ability to visualise and quantify face shape effects of gene dosage is of major benefit for determining whether a CNV is the cause of the phenotype of an individual and for predicting reciprocal consequences. It enables face shape to be used as a relatively simple and inexpensive functional analysis of the gene(s) involved.
Type: | Article |
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Title: | Opposite effects on facial morphology due to gene dosage sensitivity. |
Open access status: | An open access version is available from UCL Discovery |
DOI: | 10.1007/s00439-014-1455-z |
Publisher version: | http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00439-014-1455-z |
Additional information: | This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.© The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com |
UCL classification: | UCL UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Brain Sciences UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Brain Sciences > UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Brain Sciences > UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology > Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy |
URI: | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1432411 |
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