How immigration affects U.S. cities

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How immigration affects U.S. cities

Card, D.; (2007) How immigration affects U.S. cities. (Discussion Paper Series 11/07). Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration: London, UK. Green open access

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Abstract

In the past 25 years immigration has re-emerged as a driving force in the size and composition of U.S. cities. This paper describes the effects of immigration on overall population growth and the skill composition of cities, focusing on the connection between immigrant inflows and the relative number of less-skilled workers in the local population. The labor market impacts of immigrant arrivals can be offset by outflows of natives and earlier generations of immigrants. Empirically, however, these offsetting flows are small, so most cities with higher rates of immigration have experienced overall population growth and a rising share of the less-skilled. These supply shifts are associated with a modest widening of the wage gap between more and less-skilled natives, coupled with a positive effect on average native wages. Beyond the labor market, immigrant arrivals also affect rents and housing prices, government revenues and expenses, and the composition of neighborhoods and schools. The effect on rents is the same magnitude as the effect on average wages, implying that the average “rent burden” (the ratio of rents to incomes) is roughly constant. The local fiscal effects of increased immigration also appear to be relatively small. The neighborhood and school externalities posed by the presence of low income and minority families may be larger, and may be a key factor in understanding native reactions to immigration.

Type:	Working / discussion paper
Title:	How immigration affects U.S. cities
Open access status:	An open access version is available from UCL Discovery
Publisher version:	http://www.econ.ucl.ac.uk/cream/publicationsdiscus...
Language:	English
URI:	https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/14271