Ur Rehman, A;
Azher, K;
Rehman, A;
Shah, M;
Mahmood, MA;
Tüfekci, CS;
Salamci, MU;
(2025)
Additive Manufacturing of Ti6Al4V Using Directed Energy Deposition: An Elaborative Approach of Process Modelling via Computational Fluid Dynamics.
Lasers in Manufacturing and Materials Processing
, 12
(1)
pp. 201-225.
10.1007/s40516-025-00277-w.
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Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) has revolutionized many industries. Directed energy deposition (DED) offers remarkable utility in size and is an effective method in terms of energy efficiency. The interaction of powder with a laser before coming in contact with the substrate helps to attain fair melting and deposition. However, there is a problem associated with non-uniformity and accumulation of metallic melt on the edges of the manufactured parts which needs to be understood. Herein, the DED process of Ti6Al4V alloy is presented. The phenomenon of recoil pressure and Marangoni actions along the single tracks of the melt pool is defined via the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The discrete element modeling (DEM) improves the simulation model output as variable particle diameters are considered, thus mimicking the actual powder size distribution. The simulation results disclosed intricate facts about the flow dynamics of molten material under varying conditions. The stream traces and thermal gradients are evaluated to recognize the effect of laser movement on material cooling and surface tension. The material accumulation occurred at curves and borders due to cooling-induced surface tension alterations, affecting the attribute of the deposited layers. The bi-directional flow patterns are prompted by Marangoni convection and recoil pressure, causing distinct features, including lateral menisci and depression modes. The cooling rates impacted the liquid portion and dilution levels, critical for attaining optimal bonding between deposited layers and substrate. Experimental endorsement using Synchrotron X-ray imaging favored the simulation results, confirming the simulated Marangoni convection effects. This comparison highlights the efficiency of CFD models in predicting molten material behavior, offering a worthy tool for adjusting DED printing parameters.
| Type: | Article |
|---|---|
| Title: | Additive Manufacturing of Ti6Al4V Using Directed Energy Deposition: An Elaborative Approach of Process Modelling via Computational Fluid Dynamics |
| DOI: | 10.1007/s40516-025-00277-w |
| Publisher version: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s40516-025-00277-w |
| Language: | English |
| Additional information: | This version is the author accepted manuscript. For information on re-use, please refer to the publisher’s terms and conditions. |
| Keywords: | Conduction mode, Thermocapillary, Recoil pressure, Ti6Al4V alloy, Directed energy deposition |
| UCL classification: | UCL UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > UCL BEAMS UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > UCL BEAMS > Faculty of the Built Environment |
| URI: | https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10207257 |
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