Barrett, Mark; (2023) Green Light: Net zero emission energy system designs for the UK. UCL (University College London): London, UK.

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Abstract

This report outlines possible designs for a net-zero carbon emission energy system in the UK by 2050, while discussing associated challenges like aviation fuelling, high altitude warming, negative emissions, and heating and cooling. It critically compares nuclear and renewable energy generation, suggesting renewables are more economically viable, especially offshore wind and solar. It finds nuclear power not cost-effective and susceptible to unexpected outages. The majority of energy demands, such as equipment, stationary heating/cooling, and land transportation, could be satisfied with electricity. Alternative solutions like ammonia for ships and heat pumps for heating are also discussed. However, certain industrial processes necessitate renewable hydrogen or hydrocarbons. Managing dynamic energy surpluses and deficits would involve storage in vehicle batteries, grid stores, district heat stores, and chemical energy stores. Aviation remains a significant challenge due to its requirement for kerosene and the high altitude warming caused by engine emissions. Direct Air Capture and Storage (DACS) is suggested as a method to offset aviation emissions, though its costs and environmental impacts are uncertain. Despite these challenges, at 2022 fossil fuel prices, these net-zero designs are considered less costly and more secure than the current system.

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