Pokorna, Nikola; Palmer, Melanie; Pearson, Oliver; Beckley-Hoelscher, Nicholas; Shearer, James; Kostyrka-Allchorne, Katarzyna; Robertson, Olly; ... Goldsmith, Kimberley; + view all Pokorna, Nikola; Palmer, Melanie; Pearson, Oliver; Beckley-Hoelscher, Nicholas; Shearer, James; Kostyrka-Allchorne, Katarzyna; Robertson, Olly; Koch, Marta; Slovak, Petr; Day, Crispin; Byford, Sarah; Waite, Polly; Creswell, Cathy; Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J S; Goldsmith, Kimberley; - view fewer (2024) Moderators of the effects of a digital parenting intervention on child conduct and emotional problems implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a secondary analysis of data from the SPARKLE randomized controlled trial. JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting , 7 , Article e53864. 10.2196/53864.

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: A smartphone app, Parent Positive, was developed to help parents manage their children’s conduct and emotional problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. A randomized controlled trial, Supporting Parents and Kids Through Lockdown Experiences (SPARKLE), found Parent Positive to be effective in reducing children’s emotional problems. However, app effectiveness may be influenced by a range of child, family, socioeconomic, and pandemic-related factors. OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether baseline factors related to the child, family, and socioeconomic status, as well as pandemic-related disruption circumstances, moderated Parent Positive’s effects on child conduct and emotional problems at 1- and 2-month follow-up. METHODS: This study was a secondary exploratory analysis of SPARKLE data. The data set included 646 children (4-10 years of age) with parents randomized to either Parent Positive (n=320) or follow-up as usual (n=326). Candidate baseline moderators included child age, gender, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, parental psychological distress, family conflict, household income, employment status, household overcrowding, and pandemic-related disruption risk (ie, homeschooling, lockdown status, and isolation status). Child conduct and emotional problem outcomes measured at 1- (T2) and 2-months (T3) post randomization were analyzed using linear mixed-effects analysis of covariance models adjusting for baseline (T1) measure of outcome and including intervention and intervention by time point interaction terms allowing for different effects at the 2 time points. Moderation of intervention effects by baseline factors was assessed by replacing the intervention by time interaction terms with intervention by time point by baseline moderator interaction terms. RESULTS: Child gender was a significant moderator of the Parent Positive versus follow-up as usual effect on emotional problems (B=0.72, 95% CI 0.12-1.33; P=.02). Specifically, the effect of Parent Positive was close to significant (T2: B=–0.41, 95% CI –0.82 to 0.0004; P=.05) or significant (T3: B=–0.76, 95% CI –1.22 to –0.30; P<.001) in males only when compared with females, and males experienced a significantly larger reduction in emotional problems than females in the Parent Positive arm at the 2-month post randomization time point. None of the other investigated baseline factors moderated effects on emotional problems, and no factors moderated effects on conduct problems. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights Parent Positive’s potential for effectively reducing emotional problems in primary school-aged male children across a wide range of families. However, due to limited variability in the demographic background of the families, cautious interpretation is required, and replications are necessary in diverse samples with longer follow-up times. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04786080; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04786080

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