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Restraint upon Embryonic Metatarsal Ex Vivo Growth by Hydrogel Reveals Interaction between Quasi-Static Load and the mTOR Pathway

Caetano-Silva, Soraia; Simbi, Bigboy H; Marr, Neil; Hibbert, Andrew; Allen, Steve P; Pitsillides, Andrew A; (2021) Restraint upon Embryonic Metatarsal Ex Vivo Growth by Hydrogel Reveals Interaction between Quasi-Static Load and the mTOR Pathway. International Journal of Molecular Sciences , 22 (24) , Article 13220. 10.3390/ijms222413220. Green open access

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Abstract

Mechanical cues play a vital role in limb skeletal development, yet their influence and underpinning mechanisms in the regulation of endochondral ossification (EO) processes are incompletely defined. Furthermore, interactions between endochondral growth and mechanics and the mTOR/NF-kB pathways are yet to be explored. An appreciation of how mechanical cues regulate EO would also clearly be beneficial in the context of fracture healing and bone diseases, where these processes are recapitulated. The study herein addresses the hypothesis that the mTOR/NF-kB pathways interact with mechanics to control endochondral growth. To test this, murine embryonic metatarsals were incubated ex vivo in a hydrogel, allowing for the effects of quasi-static loading on longitudinal growth to be assessed. The results showed significant restriction of metatarsal growth under quasi-static loading during a 14-day period and concentration-dependent sensitivity to hydrogel-related restriction. This study also showed that hydrogel-treated metatarsals retain their viability and do not present with increased apoptosis. Metatarsals exhibited reversal of the growth-restriction when co-incubated with mTOR compounds, whilst it was found that these compounds showed no effects under basal culture conditions. Transcriptional changes linked to endochondral growth were assessed and downregulation of Col2 and Acan was observed in hydrogel-treated metatarsi at day 7. Furthermore, cell cycle analyses confirmed the presence of chondrocytes exhibiting S-G2/M arrest. These data indicate that quasi-static load provokes chondrocyte cell cycle arrest, which is partly overcome by mTOR, with a less marked interaction for NF-kB regulators.

Type: Article
Title: Restraint upon Embryonic Metatarsal Ex Vivo Growth by Hydrogel Reveals Interaction between Quasi-Static Load and the mTOR Pathway
Location: Switzerland
Open access status: An open access version is available from UCL Discovery
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413220
Publisher version: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413220
Language: English
Additional information: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Keywords: endochondral ossification; mTOR; NF-ĸB; quasi-static; loading; hydrogel
UCL classification: UCL
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Population Health Sciences > UCL GOS Institute of Child Health
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Population Health Sciences > UCL GOS Institute of Child Health > Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Dept
URI: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10177210
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