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Explainable Machine Learning for Real-Time Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia Prediction and Personalized Control Recommendations

Duckworth, C; Guy, MJ; Kumaran, A; O’Kane, AA; Ayobi, A; Chapman, A; Marshall, P; (2022) Explainable Machine Learning for Real-Time Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia Prediction and Personalized Control Recommendations. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology 10.1177/19322968221103561. (In press). Green open access

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The occurrences of acute complications arising from hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia peak as young adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) take control of their own care. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices provide real-time glucose readings enabling users to manage their control proactively. Machine learning algorithms can use CGM data to make ahead-of-time risk predictions and provide insight into an individual’s longer term control. METHODS: We introduce explainable machine learning to make predictions of hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL) and hyperglycemia (>270 mg/dL) up to 60 minutes ahead of time. We train our models using CGM data from 153 people living with T1D in the CITY (CGM Intervention in Teens and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes)survey totaling more than 28 000 days of usage, which we summarize into (short-term, medium-term, and long-term) glucose control features along with demographic information. We use machine learning explanations (SHAP [SHapley Additive exPlanations]) to identify which features have been most important in predicting risk per user. RESULTS: Machine learning models (XGBoost) show excellent performance at predicting hypoglycemia (area under the receiver operating curve [AUROC]: 0.998, average precision: 0.953) and hyperglycemia (AUROC: 0.989, average precision: 0.931) in comparison with a baseline heuristic and logistic regression model. CONCLUSIONS: Maximizing model performance for glucose risk prediction and management is crucial to reduce the burden of alarm fatigue on CGM users. Machine learning enables more precise and timely predictions in comparison with baseline models. SHAP helps identify what about a CGM user’s glucose control has led to predictions of risk which can be used to reduce their long-term risk of complications.

Type: Article
Title: Explainable Machine Learning for Real-Time Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia Prediction and Personalized Control Recommendations
Location: United States
Open access status: An open access version is available from UCL Discovery
DOI: 10.1177/19322968221103561
Publisher version: https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968221103561
Language: English
Additional information: © 2022 Diabetes Technology Society, Article Reuse Guidelines. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Keywords: continuous glucose monitoring, explainable and trustworthy AI, feature extraction, hyperglycemia prediction, hypoglycemia prediction, machine learning
UCL classification: UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > UCL BEAMS > Faculty of Engineering Science
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > UCL BEAMS > Faculty of Engineering Science > Dept of Computer Science
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > UCL BEAMS
UCL
URI: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10156890
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