Handoyo, Restu Tri; (2019) A multimethod exploration of stigma towards people with intellectual disability in Indonesia. Doctoral thesis (Ph.D), UCL (University College London).

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Abstract

This thesis aims to explore the stigma associated with people with intellectual disability (ID) in the Indonesian context. The thesis encapsulates a systematic review and three inter-related empirical studies carried out using a multimethod framework to address the aim. The systematic review includes 24 studies, exploring ID stigma in Southeast Asia. A narrative synthesis was performed to synthesise the findings of the reviewed studies. The review highlights the role of cultural factors in shaping the stigma towards people with ID. Of the remaining three studies, the first explores professionals’ attitudes towards people with ID and their inclusion in Indonesian society. Fifteen professionals i.e. teachers, psychologists, medical doctors, and religious leaders were interviewed. Thematic analysis identified seven themes, namely ‘perceived cause of ID’, ‘use of terminology’, ‘attitudes towards people with ID’, ‘attitudes towards the inclusion of people with ID’, ‘religion and ID’, ‘family-centric support’, and ‘challenges faced by people with ID in wider context’. The second study adapts a self-report stigma questionnaire, that was developed in the UK, to the Indonesian context. One hundred adults with mild to moderate ID completed the questionnaire. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire and participants’ responses to the final items of the questionnaire were examined. The Indonesian version of questionnaire consists of 11 items with sound psychometric properties. The third study is a qualitative exploration of experienced stigma and inclusion of adults with mild to moderate ID in society. Fifteen participants were purposively selected from the one hundred participants recruited in the second study. Thematic analysis identified four themes including ‘discrimination and poor treatment‘, ‘reaction to and impact of stigma‘, ‘limited social life and activities‘, and ‘wish for a normal life‘. Following the multimethod framework, the findings from the three empirical studies were integrated and presented in a stand-alone study. The integration of the findings further highlights the stigma experienced by adults with mild to moderate ID in Indonesian society.

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