Brown, P;
              
      
            
                Tan, A-C;
              
      
            
                El-Esawi, MA;
              
      
            
                Liehr, T;
              
      
            
                Blanck, O;
              
      
            
                Gladue, DP;
              
      
            
                Almeida, GMF;
              
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
          
      
            
            
            ... Shalchyan, V; + view all
            
          
      
        
        
        
    
  
(2019)
  Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search.
Database
      
    
     pp. 1-66.
    
         10.1093/database/baz085.
  
  
      
    
  
Preview  | 
            
              
Text
 Hacksaw_Large expert-curated database for benchmarking document similarity detection in biomedical literature search_VoR.pdf Download (2MB) | Preview  | 
          
Abstract
Document recommendation systems for locating relevant literature have mostly relied on methods developed a decade ago. This is largely due to the lack of a large offline gold-standard benchmark of relevant documents that cover a variety of research fields such that newly developed literature search techniques can be compared, improved and translated into practice. To overcome this bottleneck, we have established the RElevant LIterature SearcH consortium consisting of more than 1500 scientists from 84 countries, who have collectively annotated the relevance of over 180 000 PubMed-listed articles with regard to their respective seed (input) article/s. The majority of annotations were contributed by highly experienced, original authors of the seed articles. The collected data cover 76% of all unique PubMed Medical Subject Headings descriptors. No systematic biases were observed across different experience levels, research fields or time spent on annotations. More importantly, annotations of the same document pairs contributed by different scientists were highly concordant. We further show that the three representative baseline methods used to generate recommended articles for evaluation (Okapi Best Matching 25, Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency and PubMed Related Articles) had similar overall performances. Additionally, we found that these methods each tend to produce distinct collections of recommended articles, suggesting that a hybrid method may be required to completely capture all relevant articles. The established database server located at https://relishdb.ict.griffith.edu.au is freely available for the downloading of annotation data and the blind testing of new methods. We expect that this benchmark will be useful for stimulating the development of new powerful techniques for title and title/abstract-based search engines for relevant articles in biomedical research.
Archive Staff Only
![]()  | 
        View Item | 
                      
