McBride, E;
Marlow, LAV;
Forster, AS;
Ridout, D;
Kitchener, H;
Patnick, J;
Waller, J;
(2019)
Anxiety and distress following receipt of results from routine HPV primary testing in cervical screening: the Psychological Impact of Primary Screening (PIPS) study.
International Journal of Cancer
10.1002/ijc.32540.
(In press).
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Abstract
We used a cross-sectional survey to examine short-term anxiety and distress in women receiving different results following routine human papillomavirus (HPV) primary testing at cervical screening. Participants were women aged 24-65 (n=1127) who had attended screening at one of five sites piloting HPV primary screening in England, including a control group with normal cytology who were not tested for HPV. Women completed a postal questionnaire ~2 weeks after receiving their screening result. Unadjusted mean anxiety scores ranged from 32.9 (standard deviation (SD)=12.2) in HPV-negative women, to 42.1 (SD=14.9) in women who were HPV-positive with abnormal cytology. In adjusted analyses, anxiety was significantly higher in women testing HPV-positive with either normal cytology (mean difference (MD)=3.5, CI: 0.6-6.4) or abnormal cytology (MD=7.2, CI: 3.7-10.6), than the control group. Distress was slightly higher in women who tested HPV-positive with abnormal cytology (MD=0.9, CI: 0.02-1.8), than the control group. We also found increased odds of very high anxiety in women who tested HPV-positive with normal or abnormal cytology compared with the control group. This pattern of results was only observed among women receiving their first HPV-positive result, not among women found to have persistent HPV at 12-month follow-up. Testing HPV-positive with normal cytology for the first time, is associated with elevated anxiety despite carrying very low immediate cervical cancer risk. However, receiving the same test result at 12-month early recall does not appear to be associated with higher anxiety, suggesting anxiety may normalise with repeated exposure and/or over time. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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