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Neurophysiological adaptations in the untrained side in conjunction with cross-education of muscle strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Manca, A; Hortobágyi, T; Rothwell, J; Deriu, F; (2018) Neurophysiological adaptations in the untrained side in conjunction with cross-education of muscle strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Physiology , 124 (6) pp. 1502-1518. 10.1152/japplphysiol.01016.2017. Green open access

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Abstract

We reviewed the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on the neurophysiological adaptations in the untrained side associated with cross-education of strength (CE) and pooled data into definite effect estimates for neurophysiological variables assessed in chronic CE studies. Furthermore, scoping directions for future research were provided to enhance the homogeneity and comparability of studies investigating the neural responses to CE. The magnitude of CE was 21.1 ± 18.2% (mean ± SD; P < 0.0001) in 22 RCTs (n = 467 subjects) that measured at least 1 neurophysiological variable in the untrained side, including the following: electromyography (EMG; 14 studies); motor evoked potential (MEP; 8 studies); short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), recruitment curve, and M wave (6 studies); cortical silent period (cSP; 5 studies); interhemispheric inhibition, intracortical facilitation (ICF), and H reflex (2 studies); and V wave, short-interval ICF, short-latency afferent inhibition, and long-latency afferent inhibition (1 study). Only EMG, MEP, ICF, cSP, and SICI could be included in the meta-analysis (18 studies, n = 387). EMG (P = 0.26, n = 235) and MEP amplitude (P = 0.11, n = 145) did not change in the untrained limb after CE. cSP duration (P = 0.02, n = 114) and SICI (P = 0.001, n = 95) decreased in the untrained hemisphere according to body region and type and intensity of training. The magnitude of CE did not correlate with changes in these transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) measures. The design of this meta-analytical study and the lack of correlations prevented the ability to link mechanistically the observed neurophysiological changes to CE. Notwithstanding the limited amount of data available for pooling, the use of TMS to assess the ipsilateral neurophysiological responses to unilateral training still confirms the central neural origin hypothesis of chronic CE induced by strength training. However, how these neural adaptations contribute to CE remains unclear.

Type: Article
Title: Neurophysiological adaptations in the untrained side in conjunction with cross-education of muscle strength: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open access status: An open access version is available from UCL Discovery
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01016.2017
Publisher version: https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01016.2017
Language: English
Additional information: This version is the author accepted manuscript. For information on re-use, please refer to the publisher’s terms and conditions.
Keywords: contralateral training, electromyography, motor evoked potential, strength, transcranial magnetic stimulation
UCL classification: UCL
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Brain Sciences
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Brain Sciences > UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology
UCL > Provost and Vice Provost Offices > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Brain Sciences > UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology > Clinical and Movement Neurosciences
URI: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10056009
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