TY  - JOUR
SP  - 285
SN  - 0891-2513
Y1  - 2005///
AV  - public
JF  - Complex Systems
UR  - http://www.complex-systems.com/Archive/hierarchy/abstract.cgi?vol=15&iss=4&art=02
N2  - Biological chromosomes are replete with repetitive sequences, micro
satellites, SSR tracts, ALU, etc. in their DNA base sequences. We
started looking for similar phenomena in evolutionary computation.
First studies find copious repeated sequences, which can be hierarchically
decomposed into shorter sequences, in programs evolved using
both homologous and two point crossover but not with headless chicken
crossover or other mutations. In bloated programs the small number
of effective or expressed instructions appear in both repeated and nonrepeated
code. Hinting that building-blocks or code reuse may evolve
in unplanned ways.
Mackey-Glass chaotic time series prediction and eukaryotic protein
localisation (both previously used as artificial intelligence machine
learning benchmarks) demonstrate evolution of Shannon information
(entropy) and lead to models capable of lossy Kolmogorov compression.
Our findings with diverse benchmarks and GP systems suggest
this emergent phenomenon may be widespread in genetic systems.
VL  - 15
IS  - 4 (c)
ID  - discovery576
EP  - 306
TI  - Repeated sequences in linear genetic programming genomes
A1  - Langdon, W.B.
A1  - Banzhaf, W.
ER  -