?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Access+pricing%2C+bypass+and+universal+service+in%0D%0Apost&rft.creator=Armstrong%2C+M.&rft.description=An+incumbent+postal+service+provider+faces+two+issues+which+make+the+design+of+efficient+access+pricing+especially+difficult.+First%2C+universal+service+obligations%2C+together+with+the+presence+of+significant+fixed+costs%2C+require+retail+prices+to+be+out+of+line+with+underlying+marginal+costs.+Second%2C+competing+firms+may+be+able+to+bypass+the+incumbent's+delivery+network.+Within+a+simple+framework%2C+this+note+analyses+how+access+charges+should+best+be+set+in+the+light+of+these+twin+constraints.&rft.publisher=Department+of+Economics%2C+University+College+London&rft.date=2006-05&rft.type=Working+%2F+discussion+paper&rft.language=eng&rft.source=++++(Discussion+Papers+in+Economics++06-01).+Department+of+Economics%2C+University+College+London%3A+London%2C+UK.+(2006)+++++&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F2549%2F1%2F2549.pdf&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F2549%2F&rft.rights=open