?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=Freehand+Ultrasound+Image+Simulation+with+Spatially-Conditioned+Generative+Adversarial+Networks&rft.creator=Hu%2C+Y&rft.creator=Gibson%2C+E&rft.creator=Lee%2C+LL&rft.creator=Xie%2C+W&rft.creator=Barratt%2C+DC&rft.creator=Vercauteren%2C+T&rft.creator=Noble%2C+JA&rft.description=Sonography+synthesis+has+a+wide+range+of+applications%2C+including+medical+procedure+simulation%2C+clinical+training+and+multimodality+image+registration.+In+this+paper%2C+we+propose+a+machine+learning+approach+to+simulate+ultrasound+images+at+given+3D+spatial+locations+(relative+to+the+patient+anatomy)%2C+based+on+conditional+generative+adversarial+networks+(GANs).+In+particular%2C+we+introduce+a+novel+neural+network+architecture+that+can+sample+anatomically+accurate+images+conditionally+on+spatial+position+of+the+(real+or+mock)+freehand+ultrasound+probe.+To+ensure+an+effective+and+efficient+spatial+information+assimilation%2C+the+proposed+spatially-conditioned+GANs+take+calibrated+pixel+coordinates+in+global+physical+space+as+conditioning+input%2C+and+utilise+residual+network+units+and+shortcuts+of+conditioning+data+in+the+GANs%E2%80%99+discriminator+and+generator%2C+respectively.+Using+optically+tracked+B-mode+ultrasound+images%2C+acquired+by+an+experienced+sonographer+on+a+fetus+phantom%2C+we+demonstrate+the+feasibility+of+the+proposed+method+by+two+sets+of+quantitative+results%3A+distances+were+calculated+between+corresponding+anatomical+landmarks+identified+in+the+held-out+ultrasound+images+and+the+simulated+data+at+the+same+locations+unseen+to+the+networks%3B+a+usability+study+was+carried+out+to+distinguish+the+simulated+data+from+the+real+images.+In+summary%2C+we+present+what+we+believe+are+state-of-the-art+visually+realistic+ultrasound+images%2C+simulated+by+the+proposed+GAN+architecture+that+is+stable+to+train+and+capable+of+generating+plausibly+diverse+image+samples.&rft.publisher=Springer&rft.contributor=Cardoso%2C+MJ&rft.contributor=Arbel%2C+T&rft.contributor=Gao%2C+F&rft.contributor=Kainz%2C+B&rft.contributor=Van+Walsum%2C+T&rft.contributor=Shi%2C+K&rft.contributor=Bhatia%2C+KK&rft.contributor=Peter%2C+R&rft.contributor=Vercauteren%2C+T&rft.contributor=Reyes%2C+M&rft.contributor=Dalca%2C+A&rft.contributor=Wiest%2C+R&rft.contributor=Niessen%2C+W&rft.contributor=Emmer%2C+BJ&rft.date=2017-09-09&rft.type=Proceedings+paper&rft.language=eng&rft.source=+++++In%3A+Cardoso%2C+MJ+and+Arbel%2C+T+and+Gao%2C+F+and+Kainz%2C+B+and+Van+Walsum%2C+T+and+Shi%2C+K+and+Bhatia%2C+KK+and+Peter%2C+R+and+Vercauteren%2C+T+and+Reyes%2C+M+and+Dalca%2C+A+and+Wiest%2C+R+and+Niessen%2C+W+and+Emmer%2C+BJ%2C+(eds.)+Fifth+International+Workshop%2C+CMMI+2017%2C+Second+International+Workshop%2C+RAMBO+2017%2C+and+First+International+Workshop%2C+SWITCH+2017%2C+Held+in+Conjunction+with+MICCAI+2017%2C+Qu%C3%A9bec+City%2C+QC%2C+Canada%2C+September+14%2C+2017%2C+Proceedings.++(pp.+pp.+105-115).++Springer%3A+Cham%2C+Switzerland.+(2017)+++++&rft.format=text&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1566574%2F1%2FVercauteren_1707.05392v1.pdf&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1566574%2F&rft.rights=open