%P 727-740
%T Motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease: A unified framework
%O Copyright © 2016. This manuscript version is published under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial Non-derivative 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). This licence allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work for personal and non-commercial use providing author and publisher attribution is clearly stated. Further details about CC BY licences are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Access may be initially restricted by the publisher.
%D 2016
%L discovery1511483
%I PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
%J Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
%X Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by a range of motor symptoms. Besides the cardinal symptoms (akinesia and bradykinesia, tremor and rigidity), PD patients show additional motor deficits, including: gait disturbance, impaired handwriting, grip force and speech deficits, among others. Some of these motor symptoms (e.g., deficits of gait, speech, and handwriting) have similar clinical profiles, neural substrates, and respond similarly to dopaminergic medication and deep brain stimulation (DBS). Here, we provide an extensive review of the clinical characteristics and neural substrates of each of these motor symptoms, to highlight precisely how PD and its medical and surgical treatments impact motor symptoms. In conclusion, we offer a unified framework for understanding the range of motor symptoms in PD. We argue that various motor symptoms in PD reflect dysfunction of neural structures responsible for action selection, motor sequencing, and coordination and execution of movement.
%V 68
%A AA Moustafa
%A S Chakravarthy
%A JR Phillips
%A A Gupta
%A S Keri
%A B Polner
%A MJ Frank
%A M Jahanshahi
%K Parkinson’s disease, Tremor, Akinesia, Bradykinesia, Rigidly, Freezing of gait, Handwriting, Grip force, Speech