eprintid: 1508234 rev_number: 43 eprint_status: archive userid: 608 dir: disk0/01/50/82/34 datestamp: 2016-12-13 13:13:17 lastmod: 2021-09-29 22:19:07 status_changed: 2017-01-26 15:12:23 type: article metadata_visibility: show creators_name: Yates, LA creators_name: Ziser, S creators_name: Spector, A creators_name: Orrell, M title: Cognitive leisure activities and future risk of cognitive impairment and dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis ispublished: pub divisions: UCL divisions: B02 divisions: C07 divisions: D05 divisions: F66 divisions: D79 keywords: Cognitive activity, cognitive impairment, cognitive reserve, dementia, leisure activities, risk factors note: © International Psychogeriatric Association 2016 abstract: BACKGROUND: As life expectancies continue to rise, modifiable lifestyle factors that may prevent cognitive decline and dementia in later life become increasingly important in order to maintain quality of life in old age. METHODS: Five meta-analyses were conducted on data from papers identified in a systematic review. Studies were grouped according to outcomes (dementia, cognitive impairment including amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and cognitive decline) and output (risk (RR), odds (OR), or hazard ratios (HR)). RESULTS: Nineteen studies met our inclusion criteria and quality assessments. Four of five meta-analyses showed significant associations between participation in cognitive leisure activities and reduced risk of cognitive impairment (OR = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.56-0.85) and dementia (HR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.46-0.74; RR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.42-0.90; OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.67-0.90). However, one pooled analysis of cognitive impairment studies did not reach significance (HR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.71-1.02). Mentally stimulating leisure activities were significantly associated with later life cognition (β = 0.11, p = 0.05), better memory (β = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.11-0.29), speed of processing (β = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.29-0.45), and executive functioning (β = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.15-0.29), and less decline in overall cognition (β = -0.23, p < 0.01), language (β = -0.11, p < 0.05), and executive functioning (β = -0.13, p < 0.05). Activities were also shown to reduce rate of cognitive decline (estimate = 0.03, SE = 0.01, p = 0.00). CONCLUSIONS: There is increasing evidence that participation in cognitively stimulating leisure activities may contribute to a reduction of risk of dementia and cognitive impairment in later life. Promoting involvement in such activities across lifespan could be an important focus for primary prevention strategies for governments and health services. date: 2016-11 date_type: published official_url: http://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610216001137 oa_status: green language: eng primo: open primo_central: open_green article_type_text: Journal Article verified: verified_manual elements_id: 1148841 doi: 10.1017/S1041610216001137 pii: S1041610216001137 lyricists_name: Orrell, Martin William lyricists_name: Spector, Aimee lyricists_name: Yates, Lauren lyricists_id: MWORR48 lyricists_id: AESPE69 lyricists_id: LAYAT67 actors_name: Spector, Aimee actors_id: AESPE69 actors_role: owner full_text_status: public publication: International Psychogeriatrics volume: 28 number: 11 pagerange: 1791-1806 event_location: England issn: 1741-203X citation: Yates, LA; Ziser, S; Spector, A; Orrell, M; (2016) Cognitive leisure activities and future risk of cognitive impairment and dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. International Psychogeriatrics , 28 (11) pp. 1791-1806. 10.1017/S1041610216001137 <https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610216001137>. Green open access document_url: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1508234/1/Spector_Cognitive%20leisure%20activities%20and%20future%20risk%20of%20cognitive%20impairment%20and%20dementia%20FINAL.pdf