TY  - JOUR
KW  - analogue readout
KW  -  electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
KW  -  integrated circuits
A1  - Valente, V
A1  - Demosthenous, A
JF  - Sensors
SN  - 1424-8220
UR  - http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s16081159
ID  - discovery1506347
N2  - This paper presents a multi-channel dual-mode CMOS analogue front-end (AFE) for electrochemical and bioimpedance analysis. Current-mode and voltage-mode readouts, integrated on the same chip, can provide an adaptable platform to correlate single-cell biosensor studies with large-scale tissue or organ analysis for real-time cancer detection, imaging and characterization. The chip, implemented in a 180-nm CMOS technology, combines two current-readout (CR) channels and four voltage-readout (VR) channels suitable for both bipolar and tetrapolar electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. Each VR channel occupies an area of 0.48 mm 2 , is capable of an operational bandwidth of 8 MHz and a linear gain in the range between -6 dB and 42 dB. The gain of the CR channel can be set to 10 k?, 50 k? or 100 k? and is capable of 80-dB dynamic range, with a very linear response for input currents between 10 nA and 100 ? A. Each CR channel occupies an area of 0.21 mm 2 . The chip consumes between 530 ? A and 690 ? A per channel and operates from a 1.8-V supply. The chip was used to measure the impedance of capacitive interdigitated electrodes in saline solution. Measurements show close matching with results obtained using a commercial impedance analyser. The chip will be part of a fully flexible and configurable fully-integrated dual-mode EIS system for impedance sensors and bioimpedance analysis.
N1  - Copyright © 2016 The authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
IS  - 8
VL  - 16
AV  - public
Y1  - 2016/08//
TI  - Wideband Fully-Programmable Dual-Mode CMOS Analogue Front-End for Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy
ER  -