eprintid: 1481543 rev_number: 33 eprint_status: archive userid: 608 dir: disk0/01/48/15/43 datestamp: 2016-04-17 17:12:40 lastmod: 2021-10-01 23:41:20 status_changed: 2016-04-29 15:33:54 type: article metadata_visibility: show creators_name: Karmiloff-Smith, A creators_name: Al-Janabi, T creators_name: D'Souza, H creators_name: Groet, J creators_name: Massand, E creators_name: Mok, K creators_name: Startin, C creators_name: Fisher, E creators_name: Hardy, J creators_name: Nizetic, D creators_name: Tybulewicz, V creators_name: Strydom, A title: The importance of understanding individual differences in Down syndrome ispublished: pub divisions: UCL divisions: B02 divisions: C07 divisions: D79 divisions: D07 divisions: F85 divisions: F86 keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, Down syndrome, neurodevelopmental disorder, trisomy 21 note: Copyright © 2016 Karmiloff-Smith A et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The author(s) is/are employees of the US Government and therefore domestic copyright protection in USA does not apply to this work. The work may be protected under the copyright laws of other jurisdictions when used in those jurisdictions. abstract: In this article, we first present a summary of the general assumptions about Down syndrome (DS) still to be found in the literature. We go on to show how new research has modified these assumptions, pointing to a wide range of individual differences at every level of description. We argue that, in the context of significant increases in DS life expectancy, a focus on individual differences in trisomy 21 at all levels-genetic, cellular, neural, cognitive, behavioral, and environmental-constitutes one of the best approaches for understanding genotype/phenotype relations in DS and for exploring risk and protective factors for Alzheimer's disease in this high-risk population. date: 2016-03-23 date_type: published official_url: http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7506.1 oa_status: green full_text_type: pub pmcid: PMC4806704 language: eng primo: open primo_central: open_green article_type_text: Journal Article verified: verified_manual elements_id: 1122826 doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7506.1 lyricists_name: Al-Janabi, Tamara lyricists_name: Fisher, Elizabeth lyricists_name: Hardy, John lyricists_name: Mok, Kin Ying lyricists_name: Smalley, June lyricists_name: Startin, Carla lyricists_name: Strydom, Andre lyricists_id: TALJA52 lyricists_id: EMCFI97 lyricists_id: JHARD28 lyricists_id: BKMOK09 lyricists_id: JASMA87 lyricists_id: CMSTA09 lyricists_id: ASTRY65 full_text_status: public publication: F1000Research volume: 5 article_number: 389 event_location: England issn: 2046-1402 citation: Karmiloff-Smith, A; Al-Janabi, T; D'Souza, H; Groet, J; Massand, E; Mok, K; Startin, C; ... Strydom, A; + view all <#> Karmiloff-Smith, A; Al-Janabi, T; D'Souza, H; Groet, J; Massand, E; Mok, K; Startin, C; Fisher, E; Hardy, J; Nizetic, D; Tybulewicz, V; Strydom, A; - view fewer <#> (2016) The importance of understanding individual differences in Down syndrome. F1000Research , 5 , Article 389. 10.12688/f1000research.7506.1 <https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7506.1>. Green open access document_url: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1481543/1/Startin_The%20importance%20of%20understanding%20individual%20differences%20in%20Down%20syndrome.pdf