@article{discovery1481113, year = {2016}, volume = {46}, number = {5}, title = {The specificity of Pavlovian regulation is associated with recovery from depression}, note = {Copyright {\copyright} Cambridge University Press 2016 This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.}, month = {April}, journal = {Psychological Medicine}, pages = {1027--1035}, issn = {1469-8978}, keywords = {Decision-making, Pavlovian-instrumental transfer, emotional reactions, major depressive disorder}, author = {Huys, QJ and G{\"o}lzer, M and Friedel, E and Heinz, A and Cools, R and Dayan, P and Dolan, RJ}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715002597}, abstract = {BACKGROUND: Changes in reflexive emotional responses are hallmarks of depression, but how emotional reflexes make an impact on adaptive decision-making in depression has not been examined formally. Using a Pavlovian-instrumental transfer (PIT) task, we compared the influence of affectively valenced stimuli on decision-making in depression and generalized anxiety disorder compared with healthy controls; and related this to the longitudinal course of the illness. METHOD: A total of 40 subjects with a current DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of major depressive disorder, dysthymia, generalized anxiety disorder, or a combination thereof, and 40 matched healthy controls performed a PIT task that assesses how instrumental approach and withdrawal behaviours are influenced by appetitive and aversive Pavlovian conditioned stimuli (CSs). Patients were followed up after 4-6 months. Analyses focused on patients with depression alone (n = 25). RESULTS: In healthy controls, Pavlovian CSs exerted action-specific effects, with appetitive CSs boosting active approach and aversive CSs active withdrawal. This action-specificity was absent in currently depressed subjects. Greater action-specificity in patients was associated with better recovery over the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Depression is associated with an abnormal influence of emotional reactions on decision-making in a way that may predict recovery.} }