?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.title=What+impact+do+EU+environmental+policies+have+on+urban+transport%3F&rft.creator=Cavoli%2C+CM&rft.description=Urban+transport+policy+is+shaped+by+multiple+factors.+It+can+be+influenced+by+local%2C+regional%2C+national+or+supranational+actors.+The+role+of+the+European+Union+in+initiating+urban+transport+policies+is+unclear+and+its+impact+little+understood.+Yet+some+EU+legislation+and+initiatives+can+have+a+major+effect+on+local+transport+policies+and+lead+to+important+modifications+and+additions.+The+percentage+of+national+legislation+originating+from+the+EU+varies+greatly+according+to+the+country.+In+France%2C+official+sources+claim+that+in+1992+54%25+of+new+legislation+originated+from+Brussels%2C+whereas+some+argue+that+in+the+UK+only+20%25+of+legislation+(including+statutes+and+statutory+instruments)+emanates+from+the+EU.+UK+findings+suggest+that+57%25+of+statutory+instruments+coming+from+the+EU+are+implemented+by+the+Department+for+the+Environment%2C+Food+and+Rural+Affairs+(DEFRA)%3B+this+statistic+indicates+the+strength+of+influence+of+the+EU+in+the+environmental+area.+In+addition%2C+this+study+has+found+that+36%25+of+all+EU+legislation+impacting+on+urban+transport+(directly+and+indirectly)+emanates+from+the+EU+Directorate+General+for+the+Environment.+These+findings+suggest+that+Environmental+legislation+is+also+one+of+the+main+sources+of+EU+legislation+affecting+urban+transport.+In+the+EU%2C+urban+mobility+and+transport+is+responsible+for+%2240%25+of+all+CO2+emissions+of+road+transport+and+up+to+70%25+of+other+pollutants+from+transport%E2%80%9D+(DG+Mobility+and+Transport).+If+the+EU+is+to+achieve+the+targets+set+up+by+the+Kyoto+Protocol+(20-20-20)+and+other+agreements+such+as+Agenda+21%2C+then+urban+transport+policy+needs+to+be+addressed.+This+study+looks+at+the+impact+that+European+Union+legislation+and+policies+are+having+on+urban+transport+policy%2C+planning+and+operation+in+cities.+The+aim+of+the+study+is+to+find+out+how+binding+(e.g.+EU+Directives+or+Regulations)+and+non+binding+policies+(e.g.+Community+Guidelines+or+Funding+Programmes)+initiated+by+different+Directorate+Generals+(DGs)+within+the+EU+Commission+are+affecting+transport+policies+at+city+level%2C+specifically+in+the+UK%2C+France+and+Spain.+The+study+looks+at+three+examples%3A+the+Directive+on+Air+Quality+Legislation%2C+the+EU+Climate+and+Energy+package+(20-20+CO2+targets)%2C+and+the+urban+funding+programme+CIVITAS.+Through+a+combination+of+literature+review+and+interviews+with+key+stakeholders%2C+it+uses+these+examples+to+illustrate+how+legislation+and+policy+filter+down+from+the+supranational+level+to+national+and+sub-national+levels+in+different+countries.+Using+case+study+urban+areas%2C+it+explores+what+specific+changes+the+EU+has+influenced%2C+such+as+changes+in+the+local+political+agenda+and+concrete+modifications+in+the+city%E2%80%99s+investments+and+infrastructure.+The+paper+will+illustrate+in+more+detail+the+influence+of+the+EU+Directive+on+Air+Quality+on+urban+transport+in+cities+in+the+UK%2C+France+and+Spain%2C+and+will+report+results+from+initial+qualitative+interviews+with+key+actors+at+different+levels+of+government+in+the+three+countries.&rft.subject=Urban+Transport%2C+Environmental+policies&rft.publisher=Association+for+European+Transport&rft.contributor=Association+for+European+Transport%2C++&rft.date=2011-10&rft.type=Proceedings+paper&rft.language=eng&rft.source=+++++In%3A+Association+for+European+Transport%2C+%2C+(ed.)++(Proceedings)+European+Transport+Conference+2011.+++Association+for+European+Transport%3A+England.+(2011)+++++&rft.format=application%2Fpdf&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1417931%2F1%2Fwhat-impact-do-eu-environmental-policies-have-on-urban-transport_%25282%2529.pdf&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1417931%2F&rft.rights=open