@article{discovery1400667,
          number = {4},
           title = {Affect bursts: Dynamic patterns of facial expression},
            year = {2011},
          volume = {11},
            note = {This version is the author accepted manuscript. For information on re-use, please refer to the publisher's terms and conditions.},
         journal = {Emotion},
           pages = {825--841},
           month = {August},
          author = {Krumhuber, E and Scherer, KR},
             url = {http://doi.org/10.1037/a0023856},
        abstract = {{{[}}Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 11(4) of Emotion (see record 2011-18271-001). There were several errors in Table 1, and in Table 4 spaces were omitted from the rows between data for anger, fear, sadness, joy, and relief. All versions of this article have been corrected, and the corrections to Table 1 are provided in the erratum.]Affect�bursts�consist of spontaneous and short emotional expressions in which facial, vocal, and gestural components are highly synchronized. Although the vocal characteristics have been examined in several recent studies, the facial modality remains largely unexplored. This study investigated the facial correlates of�affect�bursts�that expressed five different�emotions: anger, fear, sadness, joy, and relief. Detailed analysis of 59 facial actions with the Facial Action Coding System revealed a reasonable degree of�emotion�differentiation for individual action units (AUs). However, less convergence was shown for specific AU combinations for a limited number of prototypes. Moreover, expression of facial actions peaked in a cumulative-sequential fashion with significant differences in their sequential appearance between�emotions. When testing for the classification of facial expressions within a dimensional approach, facial actions differed significantly as a function of the valence and arousal level of the five�emotions, thereby allowing further distinction between joy and relief. The findings cast doubt on the existence of fixed patterns of facial responses for each�emotion, resulting in unique facial prototypes. Rather, the results suggest that each�emotion�can be portrayed by several different expressions that share multiple facial actions.},
        keywords = {emotion, facial expression, affect burst}
}