eprintid: 10206606
rev_number: 6
eprint_status: archive
userid: 699
dir: disk0/10/20/66/06
datestamp: 2025-03-28 10:27:43
lastmod: 2025-03-28 10:27:43
status_changed: 2025-03-28 10:27:43
type: article
metadata_visibility: show
sword_depositor: 699
creators_name: Kaestle, Jan Luca
creators_name: Anvari, B
creators_name: Peters, Jan
creators_name: Krol, Jakub
creators_name: Wurdemann, Helge
title: Correlation between reaction time, multi-modal feedback and take-over requests for level 3 automated vehicles
ispublished: inpress
divisions: UCL
divisions: B04
divisions: F45
note: This version is the author accepted manuscript. For information on re-use, please refer to the publisher's terms and conditions.
abstract: We are currently experiencing a paradigm shift towards fully automated vehicles (AVs). On the way towards fully AVs, we will experience an increase in numbers of automated vehicles on our roads, requiring the human driver to take back control in situations, which cannot be handled by the vehicle. These human-robot take-over requests (TORs) can lead to safety risks, in particular in scenarios when the driver fails to understand the TOR and, hence, lacks situational awareness (SA). In this paper, the correlation between reaction time, multimodal feedback, informing the human driver of a transition in automation level, and success of transfer of control has been investigated. Nineteen human drivers have participated in experiments in a full-sized driving simulator: First, the driver was engaged in a secondary reading task while the car was in self-driving mode. Then, a TOR indicated to the driver to take back control. Seven different feedback modalities for the TORs have been created consisting of an audio chime, a visual cue or a static mechano-tactile haptic feedback, or a combination of these. The mechano-tactile feedback is hereby given through soft pneumatic actuators embedded into a novel soft robotic driver’s seat. After the driver experienced the TOR, they were given seven seconds to regain SA, retake the driving task and react to a road incident ahead. Based on the results, it can be concluded that reaction times below 2.6 seconds and above 6 seconds result in an unsuccessful transfer of control. Additionally, we have found that haptic feedback results in a timely and safe transfer of control within a shorter time frame, when added to currently commercially available auditory and visual feedback.
date: 2025-04-20
date_type: published
publisher: IEEE
official_url: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp
oa_status: green
full_text_type: other
language: eng
primo: open
primo_central: open_green
verified: verified_manual
elements_id: 2374128
lyricists_name: Wurdemann, Helge
lyricists_id: HAWUR25
actors_name: Wurdemann, Helge
actors_id: HAWUR25
actors_role: owner
full_text_status: public
publication: IEEE Transactions on Haptics
citation:        Kaestle, Jan Luca;    Anvari, B;    Peters, Jan;    Krol, Jakub;    Wurdemann, Helge;      (2025)    Correlation between reaction time, multi-modal feedback and take-over requests for level 3 automated vehicles.                   IEEE Transactions on Haptics           (In press).    Green open access   
 
document_url: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10206606/1/ToH__Haptic_Feedback_reaction_times.pdf