eprintid: 10206143 rev_number: 6 eprint_status: archive userid: 699 dir: disk0/10/20/61/43 datestamp: 2025-03-17 12:45:40 lastmod: 2025-03-17 12:45:40 status_changed: 2025-03-17 12:45:40 type: article metadata_visibility: show sword_depositor: 699 creators_name: Salam, Sharfaraz creators_name: Morrow, Jasper M creators_name: Shah, Sachit creators_name: Hanna, Michael G creators_name: Dimachkie, Mazen M creators_name: Machado, Pedro M title: Imaging evaluation of the upper limbs in inclusion body myositis: an unmet need ispublished: pub divisions: UCL divisions: B02 divisions: C07 divisions: D07 divisions: F85 keywords: inclusion body myositis, imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, forearm, upper limb note: This version is the version of record. For information on re-use, please refer to the publisher's terms and conditions. abstract: Inclusion body myositis (IBM) is an acquired myopathy belonging to the spectrum of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. It commonly presents in individuals aged above 50 years of age. Characteristic clinical features of IBM include weakness of the quadriceps and finger flexors. There are currently no effective drug treatments for IBM. However as more clinical drug trials are being conducted it is important that more precise outcome measures are developed to track disease progression and assess treatment effects. Imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound have been increasingly used to study intramuscular changes within the thigh and calf muscles. In particular quantitative MRI assessments of the lower limb have started to be employed as endpoints for clinical trials in IBM patients. However, in comparison to the lower limb, there is a relative lack in robust imaging biomarkers for the upper limb muscles. It is prudent that this paucity is addressed as the majority of IBM patients have forearm involvement and, in many individuals, upper limb weakness is their main source of disability. Imaging focussed studies thus far indicate preferential flexor digitorium profundus involvement. In this review, we discuss the imaging modalities that have been used to evaluate intramuscular changes and the possible techniques which could be developed further as upper limb biomarkers for IBM. date: 2025-02-26 date_type: published publisher: Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology Sas official_url: https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol/q7ozm2 oa_status: green full_text_type: pub language: eng primo: open primo_central: open_green verified: verified_manual elements_id: 2364244 doi: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/q7ozm2 medium: Print-Electronic pii: 22154 lyricists_name: Machado, Pedro lyricists_name: Morrow, Jasper lyricists_id: PMMAC99 lyricists_id: JMMOR15 actors_name: Machado, Pedro actors_id: PMMAC99 actors_role: owner full_text_status: public publication: Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology volume: 43 number: 2 pagerange: 372-378 event_location: Italy citation: Salam, Sharfaraz; Morrow, Jasper M; Shah, Sachit; Hanna, Michael G; Dimachkie, Mazen M; Machado, Pedro M; (2025) Imaging evaluation of the upper limbs in inclusion body myositis: an unmet need. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology , 43 (2) pp. 372-378. 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/q7ozm2 <https://doi.org/10.55563/clinexprheumatol%2Fq7ozm2>. Green open access document_url: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10206143/1/MRI%20Clin%20Exp%20Rheum.pdf