@article{discovery10205888,
           title = {An Overview of Solar Orbiter Observations of Interplanetary Shocks in Solar Cycle 25},
            note = {Original content from this work may be used under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.},
          volume = {277},
       publisher = {IOP Publishing Ltd},
         journal = {The Astrophysical Journal: Supplement Series},
           month = {March},
            year = {2025},
          number = {1},
        keywords = {Science \& Technology, Physical Sciences, Astronomy \& Astrophysics, CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS, PLASMA-WAVES UPSTREAM, IN-SITU OBSERVATIONS, PARTICLE-ACCELERATION, BOW SHOCK, ULYSSES OBSERVATIONS, ENERGETIC PARTICLES, INNER HELIOSPHERE, WHISTLER WAVES, WIND},
        abstract = {Interplanetary (IP) shocks are fundamental constituents of the heliosphere, where they form as a result of solar activity. We use previously unavailable measurements of IP shocks in the inner heliosphere provided by Solar Orbiter, and present a survey of the first 100 shocks observed in situ at different heliocentric distances during the rising phase of solar cycle 25. The fundamental shock parameters (shock normals, shock normal angles, shock speeds, compression ratios, Mach numbers) have been estimated and studied as a function of heliocentric distance, revealing a rich scenario of configurations. Comparison with large surveys of shocks at 1 au shows that shocks in the quasi-parallel regime and with high speed are more commonly observed in the inner heliosphere. The wave environment of the shocks has also been addressed, with about 50\% of the events exhibiting clear shock-induced upstream fluctuations. We characterize energetic particle responses to the passage of IP shocks at different energies, often revealing complex features arising from the interaction between IP shocks and preexisting fluctuations, including solar wind structures being processed upon shock crossing. Finally, we give details and guidance on the access use of the present survey, available on the EU-project "Solar Energetic Particle Analysis Platform for the Inner Heliosphere" website. The algorithm used to identify shocks in large data sets, now publicly available, is also described.},
            issn = {0067-0049},
             url = {https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ada4a7},
          author = {Trotta, Domenico and Dimmock, Andrew and Hietala, Heli and Blanco-Cano, Xochitl and Horbury, Timothy S and Vainio, Rami and Dresing, Nina and Jebaraj, Immanuel Christopher and Lara, Francisco Espinosa and Gomez-Herrero, Raul and Rodriguez-Pacheco, Javier and Kartavykh, Yulia and Lario, David and Gieseler, Jan and Janvier, Miho and Maksimovic, Milan and Sheshvan, Nasrin Talebpour and Owen, Christopher J and Kilpua, Emilia KJ and Wimmer-Schweingruber, Robert F}
}