<> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment> "The repository administrator has not yet configured an RDF license."^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/primaryTopic> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/AcademicArticle> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Article> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/title> "Contrastive learning of T cell receptor representations"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/abstract> "Computational prediction of the interaction of T cell receptors (TCRs) and their ligands is a grand challenge in immunology. Despite advances in high-throughput assays, specificity-labeled TCR data remain sparse. In other domains, the pre-training of language models on unlabeled data has been successfully used to address data bottlenecks. However, it is unclear how to best pre-train protein language models for TCR specificity prediction. Here, we introduce a TCR language model called SCEPTR (simple contrastive embedding of the primary sequence of T cell receptors), which is capable of data-efficient transfer learning. Through our model, we introduce a pre-training strategy combining autocontrastive learning and masked-language modeling, which enables SCEPTR to achieve its state-of-the-art performance. In contrast, existing protein language models and a variant of SCEPTR pre-trained without autocontrastive learning are outperformed by sequence alignment-based methods. We anticipate that contrastive learning will be a useful paradigm to decode the rules of TCR specificity. A record of this paper’s transparent peer review process is included in the supplemental information."^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/date> "2025-01-15" . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/document/1833085> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/Document> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/volume> "16" . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/issue> "1" . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/org/ext-464ff5f0fac4572c5372d3e7fc978be1> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Organization> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/org/ext-464ff5f0fac4572c5372d3e7fc978be1> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Elsevier BV"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/publisher> 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<https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-c45328c1e35480dbefaf4390f4b03653> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/authorList> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427#authors> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427#authors> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#_1> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-c45328c1e35480dbefaf4390f4b03653> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-27163c9e3fcdc4575749ef5b1e2e0383> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/authorList> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427#authors> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427#authors> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#_2> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-27163c9e3fcdc4575749ef5b1e2e0383> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-8858713aebec3f6b1ad0c3684c298cf8> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/authorList> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427#authors> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427#authors> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#_3> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-8858713aebec3f6b1ad0c3684c298cf8> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-13175fed0c0c842ae89bdf97c13625ec> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/authorList> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427#authors> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427#authors> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#_4> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-13175fed0c0c842ae89bdf97c13625ec> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-0ba483dd44441edbf10cb346de6ed844> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/authorList> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427#authors> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427#authors> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#_5> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-0ba483dd44441edbf10cb346de6ed844> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-0404d0c5668643f79f7b073c2d4d17ab> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/authorList> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427#authors> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427#authors> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#_6> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-0404d0c5668643f79f7b073c2d4d17ab> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-935ee9d213ca88c24a56126363870228> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/authorList> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427#authors> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427#authors> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#_7> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-935ee9d213ca88c24a56126363870228> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-c45328c1e35480dbefaf4390f4b03653> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-c45328c1e35480dbefaf4390f4b03653> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/givenName> "Yuta"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-c45328c1e35480dbefaf4390f4b03653> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/familyName> "Nagano"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-c45328c1e35480dbefaf4390f4b03653> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Yuta Nagano"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-935ee9d213ca88c24a56126363870228> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-935ee9d213ca88c24a56126363870228> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/givenName> "Andreas"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-935ee9d213ca88c24a56126363870228> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/familyName> "Tiffeau-Mayer"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-935ee9d213ca88c24a56126363870228> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Andreas Tiffeau-Mayer"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-0ba483dd44441edbf10cb346de6ed844> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-0ba483dd44441edbf10cb346de6ed844> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/givenName> "John"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-0ba483dd44441edbf10cb346de6ed844> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/familyName> "Shawe-Taylor"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-0ba483dd44441edbf10cb346de6ed844> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "John Shawe-Taylor"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-0404d0c5668643f79f7b073c2d4d17ab> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-0404d0c5668643f79f7b073c2d4d17ab> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/givenName> "Benny"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-0404d0c5668643f79f7b073c2d4d17ab> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/familyName> "Chain"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-0404d0c5668643f79f7b073c2d4d17ab> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Benny Chain"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-27163c9e3fcdc4575749ef5b1e2e0383> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-27163c9e3fcdc4575749ef5b1e2e0383> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/givenName> "Andrew GT"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-27163c9e3fcdc4575749ef5b1e2e0383> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/familyName> "Pyo"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-27163c9e3fcdc4575749ef5b1e2e0383> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Andrew GT Pyo"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-8858713aebec3f6b1ad0c3684c298cf8> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-8858713aebec3f6b1ad0c3684c298cf8> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/givenName> "Martina"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-8858713aebec3f6b1ad0c3684c298cf8> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/familyName> "Milighetti"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-8858713aebec3f6b1ad0c3684c298cf8> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "Martina Milighetti"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-13175fed0c0c842ae89bdf97c13625ec> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/Person> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-13175fed0c0c842ae89bdf97c13625ec> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/givenName> "James"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-13175fed0c0c842ae89bdf97c13625ec> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/familyName> "Henderson"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/person/ext-13175fed0c0c842ae89bdf97c13625ec> <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/name> "James Henderson"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://eprints.org/ontology/EPrint> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://eprints.org/ontology/ArticleEPrint> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://purl.org/dc/terms/isPartOf> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/repository> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://eprints.org/ontology/hasDocument> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/document/1833085> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/document/1833085> 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<http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "Nagano2025.pdf"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205427> <http://eprints.org/ontology/hasDocument> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/document/1833086> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/document/1833086> <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type> <http://eprints.org/ontology/Document> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/document/1833086> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "Contrastive learning of T cell receptor representations (Other)"^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/document/1833086> <http://eprints.org/relation/isVersionOf> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/document/1833085> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/document/1833086> <http://eprints.org/relation/isVolatileVersionOf> <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/document/1833085> . <https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/document/1833086> 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