eprintid: 10205224 rev_number: 9 eprint_status: archive userid: 699 dir: disk0/10/20/52/24 datestamp: 2025-02-25 15:37:05 lastmod: 2025-02-25 15:37:05 status_changed: 2025-02-25 15:37:05 type: article metadata_visibility: show sword_depositor: 699 creators_name: Adamecz, Anna creators_name: Jerrim, John creators_name: Pingault, Jean-Baptiste creators_name: Shure, Nikki title: Peers, parents, and self-perceptions: the gender gap in mathematics self-assessment ispublished: pub divisions: UCL divisions: B16 divisions: B14 divisions: J81 keywords: Gender gaps · Self-assessed mathematics ability · Twins · Peer effects note: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. The images or other third-party material in this article are included in the Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ abstract: It is well established that boys perceive themselves to be better in mathematics than girls, even when their ability is the same. We examine the drivers of the gender gap in self-assessed mathematics ability using a longitudinal study of twins. Using measures of individual self-assessment in mathematics from childhood, along with mathematics levels and test scores, cognitive skills, parent and teacher mathematics assessments, and characteristics of their families and siblings, we examine potential channels of the gender gap. Our results confirm that objective mathematics abilities only explain a small share of the gender gap in self-assessed mathematics abilities, and the gap is even larger within boy-girl twin pairs. We find that the self-assessment of boys is positively correlated with the self-assessment of their male co-twins, not just in mathematics, but also in other abilities. However, this positive correlation is not observed between girls and their male co-twins; if anything, it is negative. This indicates that boys and girls have different reactions to highly confident male peers. We also find that parents are more likely to overestimate boys’ and underestimate girls’ mathematics abilities. Gender-biased parental assessments explain a large part of the gender gap in mathematics self-assessment, highlighting the potential of the intergenerational transmission of gender stereotypes. date: 2025-03 date_type: published publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC official_url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-025-01087-2 oa_status: green full_text_type: pub language: eng primo: open primo_central: open_green verified: verified_manual elements_id: 2364284 doi: 10.1007/s00148-025-01087-2 lyricists_name: Shure, Dominique lyricists_id: SHURE67 actors_name: Shure, Dominique actors_id: SHURE67 actors_role: owner full_text_status: public publication: Journal of Population Economics volume: 38 number: 1 article_number: 33 citation: Adamecz, Anna; Jerrim, John; Pingault, Jean-Baptiste; Shure, Nikki; (2025) Peers, parents, and self-perceptions: the gender gap in mathematics self-assessment. Journal of Population Economics , 38 (1) , Article 33. 10.1007/s00148-025-01087-2 <https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-025-01087-2>. Green open access document_url: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10205224/1/Shure_s00148-025-01087-2.pdf