@article{discovery10205080,
           pages = {2121--2131},
          volume = {56},
            note = {This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.},
       publisher = {NATURE PORTFOLIO},
           title = {MHC Hammer reveals genetic and non-genetic HLA disruption in cancer evolution},
            year = {2024},
         journal = {Nature Genetics},
          number = {10},
           month = {October},
          author = {Puttick, Clare and Jones, Thomas P and Leung, Michelle M and Galvez-Cancino, Felipe and Liu, Jiali and Varas-Godoy, Manuel and Rowan, Andrew and Pich, Oriol and Martinez-Ruiz, Carlos and Bentham, Robert and Dijkstra, Krijn K and Black, James RM and Rosenthal, Rachel and Kanu, Nnennaya and Litchfield, Kevin and Salgado, Roberto and Moore, David A and Van Loo, Peter and Jamal-Hanjani, Mariam and Quezada, Sergio A and Swanton, Charles and Mcgranahan, Nicholas},
            issn = {1061-4036},
        abstract = {Disruption of the class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules has important implications for immune evasion and tumor evolution. We developed major histocompatibility complex loss of heterozygosity (LOH), allele-specific mutation and measurement of expression and repression (MHC Hammer). We identified extensive variability in HLA allelic expression and pervasive HLA alternative splicing in normal lung and breast tissue. In lung TRACERx and lung and breast TCGA cohorts, 61\% of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), 76\% of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and 35\% of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) cancers harbored class I HLA transcriptional repression, while HLA tumor-enriched alternative splicing occurred in 31\%, 11\% and 15\% of LUAD, LUSC and ER+ cancers. Consistent with the importance of HLA dysfunction in tumor evolution, in LUADs, HLA LOH was associated with metastasis and LUAD primary tumor regions seeding a metastasis had a lower effective neoantigen burden than non-seeding regions. These data highlight the extent and importance of HLA transcriptomic disruption, including repression and alternative splicing in cancer evolution.},
             url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-024-01883-8}
}