TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zisopoulos, Filippos K
A1  - Fath, Brian D
A1  - Toboso-Chavero, Susana
A1  - Huang, Hao
A1  - Schraven, Daan
A1  - Steuer, Benjamin
A1  - Stefanakis, Alexandros
A1  - Clark, O Grant
A1  - Scrieciu, Serban
A1  - Singh, Simron
A1  - Noll, Dominik
A1  - de Jong, Martin
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107958
VL  - 212
AV  - public
N2  - Considering the importance of waste metals for the transition to circular economies, this study follows a bio-inspired approach to evaluate their material and monetary global trade patterns for sustainability and equity. Between 2000 and 2022, the global trade grew by 5 % in trading countries, by 37 % in trade links, by 71 % in material flows, and by 569 % in economic flows. Driven by indirect effects, the average circulation of material and monetary flows ranged between 21.8?34.9 % depending on the demand or supply perspective but showed a declining trend. Due to homogenization, high network redundancy, and low network efficiency the trade remained robust yet outside the "window of vitality" characterizing natural ecosystems. A few, mostly high-income countries dominated the market, consolidating imports of high-value metal waste mostly from low- and middle-income exporters. Policies should address circularity and trade inequities, accounting for environmental and social ramifications throughout the lifecycle of products and materials.
JF  - Resources, Conservation and Recycling
EP  - 12
KW  - Resilience
KW  -  Resource-use efficiency
KW  -  Ecological network analysis
KW  -  Ascendency analysis
KW  -  Bio-inspired design
KW  -  Waste trade
ID  - discovery10204989
PB  - ELSEVIER
N1  - © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ).
TI  - Inequities blocking the path to circular economies: A bio-inspired network-based approach for assessing the sustainability of the global trade of waste metals
SN  - 0921-3449
Y1  - 2025/01//
ER  -