eprintid: 10203221 rev_number: 7 eprint_status: archive userid: 699 dir: disk0/10/20/32/21 datestamp: 2025-01-13 11:53:02 lastmod: 2025-01-13 11:53:02 status_changed: 2025-01-13 11:53:02 type: article metadata_visibility: show sword_depositor: 699 creators_name: Askelund, Adrian Dahl creators_name: Hegemann, Laura creators_name: Allegrini, Andrea G creators_name: Corfield, Elizabeth C creators_name: Ask, Helga creators_name: Davies, Neil M creators_name: Andreassen, Ole A creators_name: Havdahl, Alexandra creators_name: Hannigan, Laurie J title: The genetic architecture of differentiating behavioral and emotional problems in early life ispublished: inpress divisions: UCL divisions: B02 divisions: C07 divisions: D79 divisions: FH7 keywords: differentiation; behavioral problems; emotional problems; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; genomic structural equation modeling; trio polygenic score. note: © The Author(s), 2025. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ abstract: Background: Early in life, behavioral and cognitive traits associated with risk for developing a psychiatric condition are broad and undifferentiated. As children develop, these traits differentiate into characteristic clusters of symptoms and behaviors that ultimately form the basis of diagnostic categories. Understanding this differentiation process – in the context of genetic risk for psychiatric conditions, which is highly generalized – can improve early detection and intervention.// Methods: We modeled the differentiation of behavioral and emotional problems from age 1.5-5 years (behavioral problems – emotional problems = differentiation score) in a pre-registered study of ∼79,000 children from the population-based Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study. We used genomic structural equation modeling to identify genetic signal in differentiation and total problems, investigating their links with 11 psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions. We examined associations of polygenic scores (PGS) with both outcomes and assessed the relative contributions of direct and indirect genetic effects in ∼33,000 family trios.// Results: Differentiation was primarily genetically correlated with psychiatric conditions via a “neurodevelopmental” factor. Total problems were primarily associated with the “neurodevelopmental” factor and “p”-factor. PGS analyses revealed an association between liability to ADHD and differentiation (β=0.11 [0.10,0.12]), and a weaker association with total problems (β=0.06 [0.04,0.07]). Trio-PGS analyses showed predominantly direct genetic effects on both outcomes.// Conclusions: We uncovered genomic signal in the differentiation process, mostly related to common variants associated with neurodevelopmental conditions. Investigating the differentiation of early life behavioral and emotional problems may enhance our understanding of the developmental emergence of different psychiatric and neurodevelopmental conditions. date: 2025-01-09 date_type: published publisher: Elsevier BV official_url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.12.021 oa_status: green full_text_type: pub language: eng primo: open primo_central: open_green verified: verified_manual elements_id: 2352103 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.12.021 lyricists_name: Davies, Neil lyricists_id: NDAVI50 actors_name: Davies, Neil actors_id: NDAVI50 actors_role: owner full_text_status: public publication: Biological Psychiatry issn: 0006-3223 citation: Askelund, Adrian Dahl; Hegemann, Laura; Allegrini, Andrea G; Corfield, Elizabeth C; Ask, Helga; Davies, Neil M; Andreassen, Ole A; ... Hannigan, Laurie J; + view all <#> Askelund, Adrian Dahl; Hegemann, Laura; Allegrini, Andrea G; Corfield, Elizabeth C; Ask, Helga; Davies, Neil M; Andreassen, Ole A; Havdahl, Alexandra; Hannigan, Laurie J; - view fewer <#> (2025) The genetic architecture of differentiating behavioral and emotional problems in early life. Biological Psychiatry 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.12.021 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.12.021>. (In press). Green open access document_url: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10203221/1/PIIS0006322325000228.pdf