eprintid: 10197350 rev_number: 6 eprint_status: archive userid: 699 dir: disk0/10/19/73/50 datestamp: 2024-09-23 09:01:18 lastmod: 2024-09-23 09:01:18 status_changed: 2024-09-23 09:01:18 type: article metadata_visibility: show sword_depositor: 699 creators_name: Al-Saegh, Salam creators_name: Tahmasebi, Farhang creators_name: Tang, Rui creators_name: Mumovic, Dejan title: Comparison of Deterministic, Stochastic, and Energy-Data-Driven Occupancy Models for Building Stock Energy Simulation ispublished: pub divisions: UCL divisions: B04 divisions: C04 divisions: F34 keywords: occupancy modeling; building energy simulation; district energy systems; energy data-driven methods; building stock modeling note: © 2024 by the Authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). abstract: Accurate modelling of occupancy patterns is critical for reliable estimation of building stock energy demand, which is a key input for the design of district energy systems. Aiming to investigate the suitability of different occupancy-modelling approaches for the design of district energy systems, the present study examines a set of standard-based schedules (from the UK National Calculation Methodology), a widely used stochastic occupancy model, and a novel energy-data-driven occupancy model. To this end, a dynamic energy model of a higher education office building developed within a stock model of London’s Bloomsbury district serves as a testbed to implement the occupancy models, explore their implications for the estimation of annual and peak heating and cooling demand, and extrapolate the findings to the computationally demanding building stock stimulations. Furthermore, the simulations were conducted in two years before and after the COVID-19 pandemic to examine the implications of hybrid working patterns after the pandemic. From the results, the energy-data-driven model demonstrated superior performance in annual heating demand estimations, with errors of ±2.5% compared to 14% and 7% for the standard-based and stochastic models. For peak heating demand, the models performed rather similarly, with the data-driven model showing 28% error compared to 29.5% for both the standard-based and stochastic models in 2019. In cooling demand estimations, the data-driven model yielded noticeably higher annual cooling demand and lower peak cooling demand estimations as compared with the standard-based and stochastic occupancy models. Given the adopted building-modelling approach, these findings can be extended to district-level investigations and inform the decision on the choice of occupancy models for building stock energy simulation. date: 2024 date_type: published publisher: MDPI AG official_url: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092933 oa_status: green full_text_type: pub language: eng primo: open primo_central: open_green verified: verified_manual elements_id: 2313802 doi: 10.3390/buildings14092933 lyricists_name: Al-Saegh, Salam lyricists_name: Tahmasebi, Farhang lyricists_id: SNAAL88 lyricists_id: FTAHM10 actors_name: Al-Saegh, Salam actors_id: SNAAL88 actors_role: owner full_text_status: public publication: Buildings volume: 14 number: 9 article_number: 2933 citation: Al-Saegh, Salam; Tahmasebi, Farhang; Tang, Rui; Mumovic, Dejan; (2024) Comparison of Deterministic, Stochastic, and Energy-Data-Driven Occupancy Models for Building Stock Energy Simulation. Buildings , 14 (9) , Article 2933. 10.3390/buildings14092933 <https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14092933>. Green open access document_url: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10197350/1/Comparison%20of%20Deterministic%2C%20Stochastic%2C%20and%20Energy-Data-Driven%20Occupancy%20Models%20for%20Building%20Stock%20Energy%20Simulation.pdf