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<https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10196271> <http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/abstract> "Produced water is the largest waste stream generated during oil and gas production. In offshore platforms, the majority of the produced water is discharged into\r\nthe ocean. This results in an increase in the amount of toxic organic and inorganic compounds in the receiving environment and hence may threaten marine life.\r\nTherefore, many environmental agencies have enforced limits on the concentrations\r\nof toxic contaminants in the discharged water. To meet these regulations and to secure another potential source of fresh water, especially in water-stressed countries,\r\nthe treatment of produced water becomes an attractive alternative to discharging the\r\nwater. However, most of the research to date has focused on the economics of water\r\ntreatment without consideration of other aspects, such as environmental and social\r\nimpacts. These other aspects may have a significant impact on design decisions.\r\nThis paper presents a multi-objective optimization model for the identification\r\nand design of alternative configurations for the treatment of produced water. The\r\ndesign problem is formulated as a mixed integer dynamic optimization model. In\r\nthis approach, different technologies are assigned and linked in a given sequence\r\nresulting in a process flowsheet. The mixed integer dynamic optimization problem\r\nis solved using a nature-inspired meta-heuristic optimization procedure based on\r\nplant propagation. The design of the individual processing steps in the flowsheet is\r\nbased on population balance modeling. The models take into account the evolution\r\nof the oil droplet and solid particle distribution due to breakage and coalescence\r\nphenomena. The distribution is represented by a discrete formulation based on\r\na logarithmic discretization of the space (droplet/particle volume). Multiple case\r\nstudies are presented which consider two criteria for design: economics and environmental impact. The pool of considered technologies in this study includes a\r\nvariety of processing steps such as gravity separation, hydrocyclone, and membrane\r\ntechnologies aiming to meet the requirements of different destinations. The result\r\nis a set of designs that trade-off the two criteria, providing some of the necessary\r\ninformation for a decision maker to choose a particular design for implementation."^^<http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string> .
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