eprintid: 10189300 rev_number: 10 eprint_status: archive userid: 699 dir: disk0/10/18/93/00 datestamp: 2024-03-19 10:35:06 lastmod: 2025-03-15 07:10:04 status_changed: 2024-03-19 10:35:06 type: article metadata_visibility: show sword_depositor: 699 creators_name: Zhao, Jinqi creators_name: Zhang, Yuanyuan creators_name: He, Xiaojia creators_name: Axmacher, Jan Christoph creators_name: Sang, Weiguo title: Gains in China's sustainability by decoupling economic growth from energy use ispublished: pub divisions: UCL divisions: B03 divisions: C03 divisions: F26 keywords: Decoupling, Energy–GDP relationship, Environmental kuznets curve, Fossil fuel, Sustainable development note: This version is the author accepted manuscript. For information on re-use, please refer to the publisher's terms and conditions. abstract: China's adoption of an “ecological civilization” strategy since 2012 demonstrates its vision to move toward more sustainable development models while promoting green energy and strengthening environmental protection. However, China's continuing heavy reliance on fossil fuels, especially coal, masks the complex positive trends in energy use, more sustainable economic development, and environmental management. Through examining the evolving energy-GDP relationships in China over the past few decades, we elucidated the underlying complex nonlinear processes using environmental Kuznets curve analysis and showed that the energy–GDP relationship has fluctuated between positive and negative decoupling. Furthermore, fluctuating trajectories manifested as sharp regional divergences when early-transitioning coastal areas restructured toward services and exhibited robust decoupling, whereas the industrial interior remained fossil fuel reliant. We identified various forces related to these provincial disparities, where rapid urbanization, industrial realignment, and income growth were all important. By promoting service transitions and enabling low-carbon technologies in coastal hubs, these drivers also exposed infrastructure deficits and entrenched fossil fuel usage in the interior. These problems led to China's latest strategic plans emphasizing “higher quality” growth underpinned by clean energy transitions and coordinated regional policies. Ongoing declines in coal and the rise in renewable energy usage highlight promising momentum, but stable decoupling remains contingent on sustained policy coordination. The intricate balance between growth and environmental pressures in China provides essential lessons to help emerging economies achieve sustainability by catalyzing green transitions and attaining developmental milestones. date: 2024-04-05 date_type: published publisher: Elsevier BV official_url: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141765 oa_status: green full_text_type: other language: eng primo: open primo_central: open_green verified: verified_manual elements_id: 2258190 doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141765 lyricists_name: Axmacher, Jan lyricists_id: JCAXM98 actors_name: Axmacher, Jan actors_id: JCAXM98 actors_role: owner full_text_status: public publication: Journal of Cleaner Production volume: 448 article_number: 141765 citation: Zhao, Jinqi; Zhang, Yuanyuan; He, Xiaojia; Axmacher, Jan Christoph; Sang, Weiguo; (2024) Gains in China's sustainability by decoupling economic growth from energy use. Journal of Cleaner Production , 448 , Article 141765. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141765 <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141765>. Green open access document_url: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10189300/2/Axmacher_%20Gains%20in%20China%27s%20sustainability%20by%20decoupling%20economic%20growth%20from%20energy%20use_AAM.pdf